Compiler Options

"compilerOptions"

JavaScript Support
  1. allowJs,
  2. checkJs and
  3. maxNodeModuleJsDepth
Editor Support
  1. disableSizeLimit and
  2. plugins
Command Line

    Root Fields

    Starting up are the root options in the TSConfig - these options relate to how your TypeScript or JavaScript project is set up.

    # Files - files

    프로그램에 포함할 파일 허용 목록을 지정합니다. 파일을 찾지 못하면 오류가 발생합니다.

    {
    "": [
    "core.ts",
    "sys.ts",
    "types.ts",
    "scanner.ts",
    "parser.ts",
    "utilities.ts",
    "binder.ts",
    "checker.ts",
    "tsc.ts"
    ]
    }

    파일 수가 적어 파일 참조에 glob을 사용할 필요가 없을 때 유용합니다. 필요한 경우 include을 사용합니다.

    # Extends - extends

    The value of extends is a string which contains a path to another configuration file to inherit from. The path may use Node.js style resolution.

    The configuration from the base file are loaded first, then overridden by those in the inheriting config file. All relative paths found in the configuration file will be resolved relative to the configuration file they originated in.

    It’s worth noting that files, include, and exclude from the inheriting config file overwrite those from the base config file, and that circularity between configuration files is not allowed.

    Currently, the only top-level property that is excluded from inheritance is references.

    Example

    configs/base.json:

    tsconfig.json:

    {
    "": "./configs/base",
    "": ["main.ts", "supplemental.ts"]
    }

    tsconfig.nostrictnull.json:

    {
    "": "./tsconfig",
    }
    }

    Properties with relative paths found in the configuration file, which aren’t excluded from inheritance, will be resolved relative to the configuration file they originated in.

    • Default:

      false

    • Released:

      2.1

    # Include - include

    프로그램에 포함할 파일 이름이나 패턴을 배열로 지정합니다. 이 파일 이름은 tsconfig.json 파일에 포함된 디렉터리를 기준으로 하여 결정됩니다.

    json
    {
    "include": ["src/**/*", "tests/**/*"]
    }

    위 문법은 아래와 같이 파일을 포함합니다.

    . ├── scripts ⨯ │ ├── lint.ts ⨯ │ ├── update_deps.ts ⨯ │ └── utils.ts ⨯ ├── src ✓ │ ├── client ✓ │ │ ├── index.ts ✓ │ │ └── utils.ts ✓ │ ├── server ✓ │ │ └── index.ts ✓ ├── tests ✓ │ ├── app.test.ts ✓ │ ├── utils.ts ✓ │ └── tests.d.ts ✓ ├── package.json ├── tsconfig.json └── yarn.lock

    includeexclude는 글롭(glob) 패턴을 만들기 위한 와일드카드 문자를 지원합니다.:

    • * 0개 혹은 그 이상의 문자를 매치합니다. (디렉터리 구분자를 제외하고)
    • ? 문자 한 개를 매치합니다. (디렉터리 구분자를 제외하고)
    • **/ 모든 하위 디렉터리를 매치합니다.

    만약 글롭 패턴에 파일 확장자가 포함되어있지 않다면 오직 지원되는 확장자를 가진 파일들만 포함됩니다. (e. g. .ts, .tsx, .d.ts가 기본적으로 포함되며, allowJS가 true로 설정되었을 경우에는 .js, .jsx 까지 포함)

    # Exclude - exclude

    include 에서 파일을 포함할 때 생략할 파일 이름이나 패턴을 배열로 지정합니다.

    중요 : exclude오직 include 의 설정의 결과로 포함되는 파일만 변경합니다. exclude 로 지정된 파일은 코드상의 types를 포함하여, import에 의해 코드 베이스의 일부가 될 수 있습니다. 이는 /// <reference 지시문 또는 files 목록에 지정되어 있기 때문입니다.

    이것은 파일이 코드 베이스에 포함되는 것을 방지하는 메커니즘이 아닙니다. 단순히 include의 설정이 찾은 내용만을 변경하게 됩니다.

    # References - references

    Project references are a way to structure your TypeScript programs into smaller pieces. Using Project References can greatly improve build and editor interaction times, enforce logical separation between components, and organize your code in new and improved ways.

    You can read more about how references works in the Project References section of the handbook

    • Default:

      false

    Compiler Options

    These options make up the bulk of TypeScript’s configuration and it covers how the language should work.

    #Type Checking

    # Allow Unreachable Code - allowUnreachableCode

    When:

    • undefined (default) provide suggestions as warnings to editors
    • true unreachable code is ignored
    • false raises compiler errors about unreachable code

    These warnings are only about code which is provably unreachable due to the use of JavaScript syntax, for example:

    ts
    function fn(n: number) {
    if (n > 5) {
    return true;
    } else {
    return false;
    }
    return true;
    }

    With "allowUnreachableCode": false:

    ts
    function fn(n: number) {
    if (n > 5) {
    return true;
    } else {
    return false;
    }
    return true;
    Unreachable code detected.7027Unreachable code detected.
    }
    Try

    This does not affect errors on the basis of code which appears to be unreachable due to type analysis.

    # Allow Unused Labels - allowUnusedLabels

    When:

    • undefined (default) provide suggestions as warnings to editors
    • true unused labels are ignored
    • false raises compiler errors about unused labels

    Labels are very rare in JavaScript and typically indicate an attempt to write an object literal:

    ts
    function verifyAge(age: number) {
    // Forgot 'return' statement
    if (age > 18) {
    verified: true;
    Unused label.7028Unused label.
    }
    }
    Try

    # Always Strict - alwaysStrict

    파일을 ECMAScript 엄격 모드로 분석 하고, 각 소스 파일에 “use strict”를 생성합니다.

    ES5에 도입된 ECMAScript 엄격 모드는 성능 향상을 위해 JavaScript 엔진의 런타임 동작을 변화시켜, 일련의 에러를 무시하지 않고 발생시킵니다.

    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      2.1

    # Exact Optional Property Types - exactOptionalPropertyTypes

    With exactOptionalPropertyTypes enabled, TypeScript applies stricter rules around how it handles properties on type or interfaces which have a ? prefix.

    For example, this interface declares that there is a property which can be one of two strings: ‘dark’ or ‘light’ or it should not be in the object.

    ts
    interface UserDefaults {
    // The absence of a value represents 'system'
    colorThemeOverride?: "dark" | "light";
    }

    Without this flag enabled, there are three values which you can set colorThemeOverride to be: “dark”, “light” and undefined.

    Setting the value to undefined will allow most JavaScript runtime checks for the existence to fail, which is effectively falsy. However, this isn’t quite accurate; colorThemeOverride: undefined is not the same as colorThemeOverride not being defined. For example, "colorThemeOverride" in settings would have different behavior with undefined as the key compared to not being defined.

    exactOptionalPropertyTypes makes TypeScript truly enforce the definition provided as an optional property:

    ts
    const settings = getUserSettings();
    settings.colorThemeOverride = "dark";
    settings.colorThemeOverride = "light";
     
    // But not:
    settings.colorThemeOverride = undefined;
    Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type '"dark" | "light"' with 'exactOptionalPropertyTypes: true'. Consider adding 'undefined' to the type of the target.2412Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type '"dark" | "light"' with 'exactOptionalPropertyTypes: true'. Consider adding 'undefined' to the type of the target.
    Try
    • Recommended
    • Released:

      4.4

    # No Fallthrough Cases In Switch - noFallthroughCasesInSwitch

    Report errors for fallthrough cases in switch statements. Ensures that any non-empty case inside a switch statement includes either break, return, or throw. This means you won’t accidentally ship a case fallthrough bug.

    ts
    const a: number = 6;
     
    switch (a) {
    case 0:
    Fallthrough case in switch.7029Fallthrough case in switch.
    console.log("even");
    case 1:
    console.log("odd");
    break;
    }
    Try

    # No Implicit Any - noImplicitAny

    타입이 표기되어 있지 않아, 타입 추론을 할 수 없을 때 TypeScript는 해당 변수의 타입을 any로 대체합니다.

    이것으로 인해 일부 오류가 누락될 수 있습니다. 예를 들면:

    ts
    function fn(s) {
    // 오류가 아닌가요?
    console.log(s.subtr(3));
    }
    fn(42);
    Try

    그러나 noImplicitAny를 활성화하면 TypeScript는 any를 추론 할 때마다 오류를 발생시킵니다:

    ts
    function fn(s) {
    Parameter 's' implicitly has an 'any' type.7006Parameter 's' implicitly has an 'any' type.
    console.log(s.subtr(3));
    }
    Try
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:

    # No Implicit Override - noImplicitOverride

    When working with classes which use inheritance, it’s possible for a sub-class to get “out of sync” with the functions it overloads when they are renamed in the base class.

    For example, imagine you are modeling a music album syncing system:

    ts
    class Album {
    download() {
    // Default behavior
    }
    }
     
    class SharedAlbum extends Album {
    download() {
    // Override to get info from many sources
    }
    }
    Try

    Then when you add support for machine-learning generated playlists, you refactor the Album class to have a ‘setup’ function instead:

    ts
    class Album {
    setup() {
    // Default behavior
    }
    }
     
    class MLAlbum extends Album {
    setup() {
    // Override to get info from algorithm
    }
    }
     
    class SharedAlbum extends Album {
    download() {
    // Override to get info from many sources
    }
    }
    Try

    In this case, TypeScript has provided no warning that download on SharedAlbum expected to override a function in the base class.

    Using noImplicitOverride you can ensure that the sub-classes never go out of sync, by ensuring that functions which override include the keyword override.

    The following example has noImplicitOverride enabled, and you can see the error received when override is missing:

    ts
    class Album {
    setup() {}
    }
     
    class MLAlbum extends Album {
    override setup() {}
    }
     
    class SharedAlbum extends Album {
    setup() {}
    This member must have an 'override' modifier because it overrides a member in the base class 'Album'.4114This member must have an 'override' modifier because it overrides a member in the base class 'Album'.
    }
    Try

    # No Implicit Returns - noImplicitReturns

    When enabled, TypeScript will check all code paths in a function to ensure they return a value.

    ts
    function lookupHeadphonesManufacturer(color: "blue" | "black"): string {
    Function lacks ending return statement and return type does not include 'undefined'.2366Function lacks ending return statement and return type does not include 'undefined'.
    if (color === "blue") {
    return "beats";
    } else {
    "bose";
    }
    }
    Try

    # No Implicit This - noImplicitThis

    Raise error on ‘this’ expressions with an implied ‘any’ type.

    For example, the class below returns a function which tries to access this.width and this.height – but the context for this inside the function inside getAreaFunction is not the instance of the Rectangle.

    ts
    class Rectangle {
    width: number;
    height: number;
     
    constructor(width: number, height: number) {
    this.width = width;
    this.height = height;
    }
     
    getAreaFunction() {
    return function () {
    return this.width * this.height;
    'this' implicitly has type 'any' because it does not have a type annotation.
    'this' implicitly has type 'any' because it does not have a type annotation.
    2683
    2683
    'this' implicitly has type 'any' because it does not have a type annotation.
    'this' implicitly has type 'any' because it does not have a type annotation.
    };
    }
    }
    Try
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      2.0

    # No Property Access From Index Signature - noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature

    This setting ensures consistency between accessing a field via the “dot” (obj.key) syntax, and “indexed” (obj["key"]) and the way which the property is declared in the type.

    Without this flag, TypeScript will allow you to use the dot syntax to access fields which are not defined:

    ts
    interface GameSettings {
    // Known up-front properties
    speed: "fast" | "medium" | "slow";
    quality: "high" | "low";
     
    // Assume anything unknown to the interface
    // is a string.
    [key: string]: string;
    }
     
    const settings = getSettings();
    settings.speed;
    (property) GameSettings.speed: "fast" | "medium" | "slow"
    settings.quality;
    (property) GameSettings.quality: "high" | "low"
     
    // Unknown key accessors are allowed on
    // this object, and are `string`
    settings.username;
    (index) GameSettings[string]: string
    Try

    Turning the flag on will raise an error because the unknown field uses dot syntax instead of indexed syntax.

    ts
    const settings = getSettings();
    settings.speed;
    settings.quality;
     
    // This would need to be settings["username"];
    settings.username;
    Property 'username' comes from an index signature, so it must be accessed with ['username'].4111Property 'username' comes from an index signature, so it must be accessed with ['username'].
    (index) GameSettings[string]: string
    Try

    The goal of this flag is to signal intent in your calling syntax about how certain you are this property exists.

    # No Unchecked Indexed Access - noUncheckedIndexedAccess

    TypeScript has a way to describe objects which have unknown keys but known values on an object, via index signatures.

    ts
    interface EnvironmentVars {
    NAME: string;
    OS: string;
     
    // Unknown properties are covered by this index signature.
    [propName: string]: string;
    }
     
    declare const env: EnvironmentVars;
     
    // Declared as existing
    const sysName = env.NAME;
    const os = env.OS;
    const os: string
     
    // Not declared, but because of the index
    // signature, then it is considered a string
    const nodeEnv = env.NODE_ENV;
    const nodeEnv: string
    Try

    Turning on noUncheckedIndexedAccess will add undefined to any un-declared field in the type.

    ts
    declare const env: EnvironmentVars;
     
    // Declared as existing
    const sysName = env.NAME;
    const os = env.OS;
    const os: string
     
    // Not declared, but because of the index
    // signature, then it is considered a string
    const nodeEnv = env.NODE_ENV;
    const nodeEnv: string | undefined
    Try

    # No Unused Locals - noUnusedLocals

    Report errors on unused local variables.

    ts
    const createKeyboard = (modelID: number) => {
    const defaultModelID = 23;
    'defaultModelID' is declared but its value is never read.6133'defaultModelID' is declared but its value is never read.
    return { type: "keyboard", modelID };
    };
    Try

    # No Unused Parameters - noUnusedParameters

    Report errors on unused parameters in functions.

    ts
    const createDefaultKeyboard = (modelID: number) => {
    'modelID' is declared but its value is never read.6133'modelID' is declared but its value is never read.
    const defaultModelID = 23;
    return { type: "keyboard", modelID: defaultModelID };
    };
    Try

    # Strict - strict

    strict 플래그는 다양한 타입 검사를 가능하게 하여 프로그램 정확성을 더욱 보장합니다. strict 플래그를 켜는 것은 아래에 설명된 모든 strict mode family 옵션을 활성화하는 것과 같습니다. 필요에 따라 개별 strict mode family 검사를 끌 수 있습니다.

    향후 버전의 TypeScript는 이 플래그에서 추가적인 엄격한 검사를 도입할 수 있어, TypeScript를 업그레이드하면 프로그램에 새로운 타입 오류가 발생할 수도 있습니다. 적당히 가능할 때, 해당 플래그를 추가하여 동작을 비활성화합니다.

    # Strict Bind Call Apply - strictBindCallApply

    When set, TypeScript will check that the built-in methods of functions call, bind, and apply are invoked with correct argument for the underlying function:

    ts
    // With strictBindCallApply on
    function fn(x: string) {
    return parseInt(x);
    }
     
    const n1 = fn.call(undefined, "10");
     
    const n2 = fn.call(undefined, false);
    Argument of type 'boolean' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.2345Argument of type 'boolean' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.
    Try

    Otherwise, these functions accept any arguments and will return any:

    ts
    // With strictBindCallApply off
    function fn(x: string) {
    return parseInt(x);
    }
     
    // Note: No error; return type is 'any'
    const n = fn.call(undefined, false);
    Try
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      3.2

    # Strict Function Types - strictFunctionTypes

    When enabled, this flag causes functions parameters to be checked more correctly.

    Here’s a basic example with strictFunctionTypes off:

    ts
    function fn(x: string) {
    console.log("Hello, " + x.toLowerCase());
    }
     
    type StringOrNumberFunc = (ns: string | number) => void;
     
    // Unsafe assignment
    let func: StringOrNumberFunc = fn;
    // Unsafe call - will crash
    func(10);
    Try

    With strictFunctionTypes on, the error is correctly detected:

    ts
    function fn(x: string) {
    console.log("Hello, " + x.toLowerCase());
    }
     
    type StringOrNumberFunc = (ns: string | number) => void;
     
    // Unsafe assignment is prevented
    let func: StringOrNumberFunc = fn;
    Type '(x: string) => void' is not assignable to type 'StringOrNumberFunc'. Types of parameters 'x' and 'ns' are incompatible. Type 'string | number' is not assignable to type 'string'. Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.2322Type '(x: string) => void' is not assignable to type 'StringOrNumberFunc'. Types of parameters 'x' and 'ns' are incompatible. Type 'string | number' is not assignable to type 'string'. Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.
    Try

    During development of this feature, we discovered a large number of inherently unsafe class hierarchies, including some in the DOM. Because of this, the setting only applies to functions written in function syntax, not to those in method syntax:

    ts
    type Methodish = {
    func(x: string | number): void;
    };
     
    function fn(x: string) {
    console.log("Hello, " + x.toLowerCase());
    }
     
    // Ultimately an unsafe assignment, but not detected
    const m: Methodish = {
    func: fn,
    };
    m.func(10);
    Try
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      2.6

    # Strict Null Checks - strictNullChecks

    When strictNullChecks is false, null and undefined are effectively ignored by the language. This can lead to unexpected errors at runtime.

    When strictNullChecks is true, null and undefined have their own distinct types and you’ll get a type error if you try to use them where a concrete value is expected.

    For example with this TypeScript code, users.find has no guarantee that it will actually find a user, but you can write code as though it will:

    ts
    declare const loggedInUsername: string;
     
    const users = [
    { name: "Oby", age: 12 },
    { name: "Heera", age: 32 },
    ];
     
    const loggedInUser = users.find((u) => u.name === loggedInUsername);
    console.log(loggedInUser.age);
    Try

    Setting strictNullChecks to true will raise an error that you have not made a guarantee that the loggedInUser exists before trying to use it.

    ts
    declare const loggedInUsername: string;
     
    const users = [
    { name: "Oby", age: 12 },
    { name: "Heera", age: 32 },
    ];
     
    const loggedInUser = users.find((u) => u.name === loggedInUsername);
    console.log(loggedInUser.age);
    'loggedInUser' is possibly 'undefined'.18048'loggedInUser' is possibly 'undefined'.
    Try

    The second example failed because the array’s find function looks a bit like this simplification:

    ts
    // When strictNullChecks: true
    type Array = {
    find(predicate: (value: any, index: number) => boolean): S | undefined;
    };
    // When strictNullChecks: false the undefined is removed from the type system,
    // allowing you to write code which assumes it always found a result
    type Array = {
    find(predicate: (value: any, index: number) => boolean): S;
    };
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      2.0

    # Strict Property Initialization - strictPropertyInitialization

    When set to true, TypeScript will raise an error when a class property was declared but not set in the constructor.

    ts
    class UserAccount {
    name: string;
    accountType = "user";
     
    email: string;
    Property 'email' has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor.2564Property 'email' has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor.
    address: string | undefined;
     
    constructor(name: string) {
    this.name = name;
    // Note that this.email is not set
    }
    }
    Try

    In the above case:

    • this.name is set specifically.
    • this.accountType is set by default.
    • this.email is not set and raises an error.
    • this.address is declared as potentially undefined which means it does not have to be set.
    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      2.7

    # Use Unknown In Catch Variables - useUnknownInCatchVariables

    In TypeScript 4.0, support was added to allow changing the type of the variable in a catch clause from any to unknown. Allowing for code like:

    ts
    try {
    // ...
    } catch (err) {
    // We have to verify err is an
    // error before using it as one.
    if (err instanceof Error) {
    console.log(err.message);
    }
    }
    Try

    This pattern ensures that error handling code becomes more comprehensive because you cannot guarantee that the object being thrown is a Error subclass ahead of time. With the flag useUnknownInCatchVariables enabled, then you do not need the additional syntax (: unknown) nor a linter rule to try enforce this behavior.

    • Recommended
    • Default:

      true if strict; false otherwise.

    • Related:
    • Released:

      4.4

    #Modules

    # Allow Arbitrary Extensions - allowArbitraryExtensions

    In TypeScript 5.0, when an import path ends in an extension that isn’t a known JavaScript or TypeScript file extension, the compiler will look for a declaration file for that path in the form of {file basename}.d.{extension}.ts. For example, if you are using a CSS loader in a bundler project, you might want to write (or generate) declaration files for those stylesheets:

    css
    /* app.css */
    .cookie-banner {
    display: none;
    }
    ts
    // app.d.css.ts
    declare const css: {
    cookieBanner: string;
    };
    export default css;
    ts
    // App.tsx
    import styles from "./app.css";
    styles.cookieBanner; // string

    By default, this import will raise an error to let you know that TypeScript doesn’t understand this file type and your runtime might not support importing it. But if you’ve configured your runtime or bundler to handle it, you can suppress the error with the new --allowArbitraryExtensions compiler option.

    Note that historically, a similar effect has often been achievable by adding a declaration file named app.css.d.ts instead of app.d.css.ts - however, this just worked through Node’s require resolution rules for CommonJS. Strictly speaking, the former is interpreted as a declaration file for a JavaScript file named app.css.js. Because relative files imports need to include extensions in Node’s ESM support, TypeScript would error on our example in an ESM file under --moduleResolution node16 or nodenext.

    For more information, read up the proposal for this feature and its corresponding pull request.

      # Allow Importing TS Extensions - allowImportingTsExtensions

      --allowImportingTsExtensions allows TypeScript files to import each other with a TypeScript-specific extension like .ts, .mts, or .tsx.

      This flag is only allowed when --noEmit or --emitDeclarationOnly is enabled, since these import paths would not be resolvable at runtime in JavaScript output files. The expectation here is that your resolver (e.g. your bundler, a runtime, or some other tool) is going to make these imports between .ts files work.

        # Allow Umd Global Access - allowUmdGlobalAccess

        When set to true, allowUmdGlobalAccess lets you access UMD exports as globals from inside module files. A module file is a file that has imports and/or exports. Without this flag, using an export from a UMD module requires an import declaration.

        An example use case for this flag would be a web project where you know the particular library (like jQuery or Lodash) will always be available at runtime, but you can’t access it with an import.

        # Base Url - baseUrl

        절대 경로 참조가 아닌 모듈 이름을 해결하기 위한 기본 디렉터리를 설정할 수 있습니다.

        절대 경로로 해결하기 위한 루트 폴더를 정의할 수도 있습니다. 예를 들면,

        baseUrl ├── ex.ts ├── hello │ └── world.ts └── tsconfig.json

        이 프로젝트에서"baseUrl": "./"을 사용하면, TypeScript는tsconfig.json과 같은 폴더에서 시작하는 파일을 찾습니다.

        ts
        import { helloWorld } from "hello/world";
        console.log(helloWorld);

        항상 사용하는 "../" 또는 "./"같은 import에 질렸거나, 파일을 이동해서 변경해야 할 때, 사용할 수 있는 좋은 방법입니다.

          # Custom Conditions - customConditions

          --customConditions takes a list of additional conditions that should succeed when TypeScript resolves from an exports or imports field of a package.json. These conditions are added to whatever existing conditions a resolver will use by default.

          For example, when this field is set in a tsconfig.json as so:

          jsonc
          {
          "compilerOptions": {
          "target": "es2022",
          "moduleResolution": "bundler",
          "customConditions": ["my-condition"]
          }
          }

          Any time an exports or imports field is referenced in package.json, TypeScript will consider conditions called my-condition.

          So when importing from a package with the following package.json

          jsonc
          {
          // ...
          "exports": {
          ".": {
          "my-condition": "./foo.mjs",
          "node": "./bar.mjs",
          "import": "./baz.mjs",
          "require": "./biz.mjs"
          }
          }
          }

          TypeScript will try to look for files corresponding to foo.mjs.

          This field is only valid under the node16, nodenext, and bundler options for --moduleResolution.

          # Module - module

          Sets the module system for the program. See the theory behind TypeScript’s module option and its reference page for more information. You very likely want "nodenext" for modern Node.js projects.

          Changing module affects moduleResolution which also has a reference page.

          Here’s some example output for this file:

          ts
          // @filename: index.ts
          import { valueOfPi } from "./constants";
           
          export const twoPi = valueOfPi * 2;
          Try

          CommonJS

          ts
          "use strict";
          Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
          exports.twoPi = void 0;
          const constants_1 = require("./constants");
          exports.twoPi = constants_1.valueOfPi * 2;
           
          Try

          UMD

          ts
          (function (factory) {
          if (typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object") {
          var v = factory(require, exports);
          if (v !== undefined) module.exports = v;
          }
          else if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
          define(["require", "exports", "./constants"], factory);
          }
          })(function (require, exports) {
          "use strict";
          Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
          exports.twoPi = void 0;
          const constants_1 = require("./constants");
          exports.twoPi = constants_1.valueOfPi * 2;
          });
           
          Try

          AMD

          ts
          define(["require", "exports", "./constants"], function (require, exports, constants_1) {
          "use strict";
          Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
          exports.twoPi = void 0;
          exports.twoPi = constants_1.valueOfPi * 2;
          });
           
          Try

          System

          ts
          System.register(["./constants"], function (exports_1, context_1) {
          "use strict";
          var constants_1, twoPi;
          var __moduleName = context_1 && context_1.id;
          return {
          setters: [
          function (constants_1_1) {
          constants_1 = constants_1_1;
          }
          ],
          execute: function () {
          exports_1("twoPi", twoPi = constants_1.valueOfPi * 2);
          }
          };
          });
           
          Try

          ESNext

          ts
          import { valueOfPi } from "./constants";
          export const twoPi = valueOfPi * 2;
           
          Try

          ES2015/ES6/ES2020/ES2022

          ts
          import { valueOfPi } from "./constants";
          export const twoPi = valueOfPi * 2;
           
          Try

          In addition to the base functionality of ES2015/ES6, ES2020 adds support for dynamic imports, and import.meta while ES2022 further adds support for top level await.

          node16/nodenext

          Available from 4.7+, the node16 and nodenext modes integrate with Node’s native ECMAScript Module support. The emitted JavaScript uses either CommonJS or ES2020 output depending on the file extension and the value of the type setting in the nearest package.json. Module resolution also works differently. You can learn more in the handbook and Modules Reference.

          None

          ts
          "use strict";
          Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
          exports.twoPi = void 0;
          const constants_1 = require("./constants");
          exports.twoPi = constants_1.valueOfPi * 2;
           
          Try

          # Module Resolution - moduleResolution

          모듈 해결 전략을 지정합니다 : 'node' (Node.js) 또는 'classic' (1.6 릴리즈 이전에 TypeScript에서 사용된). 최신 코드에서는 classic을 사용할 필요가 없을 것입니다.

          Module Resolution에 핸드북 참조 페이지가 있습니다.

          # Module Suffixes - moduleSuffixes

          Provides a way to override the default list of file name suffixes to search when resolving a module.

          {
          "moduleSuffixes": [".ios", ".native", ""]
          }
          }

          Given the above configuration, an import like the following:

          ts
          import * as foo from "./foo";

          TypeScript will look for the relative files ./foo.ios.ts, ./foo.native.ts, and finally ./foo.ts.

          Note the empty string "" in moduleSuffixes which is necessary for TypeScript to also look-up ./foo.ts.

          This feature can be useful for React Native projects where each target platform can use a separate tsconfig.json with differing moduleSuffixes.

          # No Resolve - noResolve

          기본적으로 TypeScript는 import<reference 지시문에 대한 초기 파일 세트를 검사하고 이러한 확인된 파일을 프로그램에 추가합니다.

          noResolve가 설정되어 있으면 이 프로세스가 발생하지 않습니다. 그러나, import문은 여전히 유효한 모듈인지 확인하기 위해 검사되므로, 다른 방법으로 이것이 충족되는지 확인해야 합니다.

            # Paths - paths

            가져오기를 baseUrl 과 관련된 조회 위치로 다시 매핑하는 일련의 항목으로, handbookpaths 의 더 많은 coverage가 수록되어 있습니다.

            paths 를 사용하면 Typescript가 require/import 에서 가져오기를 해결하는 방법을 선언 할 수 있습니다.

            {
            "": ".", // 이 옵션은 반드시 "paths"가 명확할 때 지정해야 합니다.
            "": {
            "jquery": ["node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery"] // 이 매핑은 "baseUrl"에 상대적입니다.
            }
            }
            }

            이렇게하면import "jquery"를 작성할 수 있고 모든 올바른 입력을 로컬에서 얻을 수 있습니다.

            {
            "": "src",
            "": {
            "app/*": ["app/*"],
            "config/*": ["app/_config/*"],
            "environment/*": ["environments/*"],
            "shared/*": ["app/_shared/*"],
            "helpers/*": ["helpers/*"],
            "tests/*": ["tests/*"]
            },
            }

            이렇게 하면 TypeScript 파일 resolver가 많은 custom prefix로 코드를 찾을 수 있도록 지원할 수 있습니다. 이 패턴을 사용하면 codebase 안에서 긴 상대 경로를 피할 수 있습니다.

              # Resolve JSON Module - resolveJsonModule

              Allows importing modules with a .json extension, which is a common practice in node projects. This includes generating a type for the import based on the static JSON shape.

              TypeScript does not support resolving JSON files by default:

              ts
              // @filename: settings.json
              Cannot find module './settings.json'. Consider using '--resolveJsonModule' to import module with '.json' extension.2732Cannot find module './settings.json'. Consider using '--resolveJsonModule' to import module with '.json' extension.
              {
              "repo": "TypeScript",
              "dry": false,
              "debug": false
              }
              // @filename: index.ts
              import settings from "./settings.json";
               
              settings.debug === true;
              settings.dry === 2;
              Try

              Enabling the option allows importing JSON, and validating the types in that JSON file.

              ts
              // @filename: settings.json
              {
              "repo": "TypeScript",
              "dry": false,
              This comparison appears to be unintentional because the types 'boolean' and 'number' have no overlap.2367This comparison appears to be unintentional because the types 'boolean' and 'number' have no overlap.
              "debug": false
              }
              // @filename: index.ts
              import settings from "./settings.json";
               
              settings.debug === true;
              settings.dry === 2;
              Try

                # Resolve package.json Exports - resolvePackageJsonExports

                --resolvePackageJsonExports forces TypeScript to consult the exports field of package.json files if it ever reads from a package in node_modules.

                This option defaults to true under the node16, nodenext, and bundler options for --moduleResolution.

                # Resolve package.json Imports - resolvePackageJsonImports

                --resolvePackageJsonImports forces TypeScript to consult the imports field of package.json files when performing a lookup that starts with # from a file whose ancestor directory contains a package.json.

                This option defaults to true under the node16, nodenext, and bundler options for --moduleResolution.

                # Root Dir - rootDir

                Default: The longest common path of all non-declaration input files. If composite is set, the default is instead the directory containing the tsconfig.json file.

                When TypeScript compiles files, it keeps the same directory structure in the output directory as exists in the input directory.

                For example, let’s say you have some input files:

                MyProj ├── tsconfig.json ├── core │ ├── a.ts │ ├── b.ts │ ├── sub │ │ ├── c.ts ├── types.d.ts

                The inferred value for rootDir is the longest common path of all non-declaration input files, which in this case is core/.

                If your outDir was dist, TypeScript would write this tree:

                MyProj ├── dist │ ├── a.js │ ├── b.js │ ├── sub │ │ ├── c.js

                However, you may have intended for core to be part of the output directory structure. By setting rootDir: "." in tsconfig.json, TypeScript would write this tree:

                MyProj ├── dist │ ├── core │ │ ├── a.js │ │ ├── b.js │ │ ├── sub │ │ │ ├── c.js

                Importantly, rootDir does not affect which files become part of the compilation. It has no interaction with the include, exclude, or files tsconfig.json settings.

                Note that TypeScript will never write an output file to a directory outside of outDir, and will never skip emitting a file. For this reason, rootDir also enforces that all files which need to be emitted are underneath the rootDir path.

                For example, let’s say you had this tree:

                MyProj ├── tsconfig.json ├── core │ ├── a.ts │ ├── b.ts ├── helpers.ts

                It would be an error to specify rootDir as core and include as * because it creates a file (helpers.ts) that would need to be emitted outside the outDir (i.e. ../helpers.js).

                • Default:

                  Computed from the list of input files.

                • Released:

                  1.5

                # Root Dirs - rootDirs

                Using rootDirs, you can inform the compiler that there are many “virtual” directories acting as a single root. This allows the compiler to resolve relative module imports within these “virtual” directories, as if they were merged in to one directory.

                For example:

                src └── views └── view1.ts (can import "./template1", "./view2`) └── view2.ts (can import "./template1", "./view1`) generated └── templates └── views └── template1.ts (can import "./view1", "./view2")
                {
                "": ["src/views", "generated/templates/views"]
                }
                }

                This does not affect how TypeScript emits JavaScript, it only emulates the assumption that they will be able to work via those relative paths at runtime.

                rootDirs can be used to provide a separate “type layer” to files that are not TypeScript or JavaScript by providing a home for generated .d.ts files in another folder. This technique is useful for bundled applications where you use import of files that aren’t necessarily code:

                sh
                src
                └── index.ts
                └── css
                └── main.css
                └── navigation.css
                generated
                └── css
                └── main.css.d.ts
                └── navigation.css.d.ts
                {
                "": ["src", "generated"]
                }
                }

                This technique lets you generate types ahead of time for the non-code source files. Imports then work naturally based off the source file’s location. For example ./src/index.ts can import the file ./src/css/main.css and TypeScript will be aware of the bundler’s behavior for that filetype via the corresponding generated declaration file.

                ts
                // @filename: index.ts
                import { appClass } from "./main.css";
                Try
                • Default:

                  Computed from the list of input files.

                • Released:

                  2.0

                # Type Roots - typeRoots

                By default all visible@types” packages are included in your compilation. Packages in node_modules/@types of any enclosing folder are considered visible. For example, that means packages within ./node_modules/@types/, ../node_modules/@types/, ../../node_modules/@types/, and so on.

                If typeRoots is specified, only packages under typeRoots will be included. For example:

                {
                "": ["./typings", "./vendor/types"]
                }
                }

                This config file will include all packages under ./typings and ./vendor/types, and no packages from ./node_modules/@types. All paths are relative to the tsconfig.json.

                # Types - types

                By default all visible@types” packages are included in your compilation. Packages in node_modules/@types of any enclosing folder are considered visible. For example, that means packages within ./node_modules/@types/, ../node_modules/@types/, ../../node_modules/@types/, and so on.

                If types is specified, only packages listed will be included in the global scope. For instance:

                {
                "": ["node", "jest", "express"]
                }
                }

                This tsconfig.json file will only include ./node_modules/@types/node, ./node_modules/@types/jest and ./node_modules/@types/express. Other packages under node_modules/@types/* will not be included.

                What does this affect?

                This option does not affect how @types/* are included in your application code, for example if you had the above compilerOptions example with code like:

                ts
                import * as moment from "moment";
                moment().format("MMMM Do YYYY, h:mm:ss a");

                The moment import would be fully typed.

                When you have this option set, by not including a module in the types array it:

                • Will not add globals to your project (e.g process in node, or expect in Jest)
                • Will not have exports appear as auto-import recommendations

                This feature differs from typeRoots in that it is about specifying only the exact types you want included, whereas typeRoots supports saying you want particular folders.

                #Emit

                # Declaration - declaration

                프로젝트 내의 모든 TypeScript나 JavaScript 파일에 대한 .d.ts파일을 생성합니다. 이러한 .d.ts파일은 모듈의 외부 API를 설명하는 타입 정의 파일입니다. .d.ts 파일 사용하면, TypeScript와 같은 도구로 intellisense와 타입이 정해지지 않은 코드의 정확한 타입을 제공할 수 있습니다.

                declarationtrue로 설정되면, 아래와 같은 TypeScript 코드로 컴파일러를 실행합니다:

                ts
                export let helloWorld = "hi";
                Try

                아래와 같은index.js파일이 생성될 것입니다:

                ts
                export let helloWorld = "hi";
                 
                Try

                해당 helloWorld.d.ts:

                ts
                export declare let helloWorld: string;
                 
                Try

                JavaScript 파일 용 .d.ts파일로 작업할 때, emitDeclarationOnly를 사용하거나 outDir를 사용하여 JavaScript 파일이 덮어써지지 않도록 할 수 있습니다.

                # Declaration Dir - declarationDir

                Offers a way to configure the root directory for where declaration files are emitted.

                example ├── index.ts ├── package.json └── tsconfig.json

                with this tsconfig.json:

                {
                "": true,
                "": "./types"
                }
                }

                Would place the d.ts for the index.ts in a types folder:

                example ├── index.js ├── index.ts ├── package.json ├── tsconfig.json └── types └── index.d.ts

                # Declaration Map - declarationMap

                Generates a source map for .d.ts files which map back to the original .ts source file. This will allow editors such as VS Code to go to the original .ts file when using features like Go to Definition.

                You should strongly consider turning this on if you’re using project references.

                # Downlevel Iteration - downlevelIteration

                Downleveling is TypeScript’s term for transpiling to an older version of JavaScript. This flag is to enable support for a more accurate implementation of how modern JavaScript iterates through new concepts in older JavaScript runtimes.

                ECMAScript 6 added several new iteration primitives: the for / of loop (for (el of arr)), Array spread ([a, ...b]), argument spread (fn(...args)), and Symbol.iterator. downlevelIteration allows for these iteration primitives to be used more accurately in ES5 environments if a Symbol.iterator implementation is present.

                Example: Effects on for / of

                With this TypeScript code:

                ts
                const str = "Hello!";
                for (const s of str) {
                console.log(s);
                }
                Try

                Without downlevelIteration enabled, a for / of loop on any object is downleveled to a traditional for loop:

                ts
                "use strict";
                var str = "Hello!";
                for (var _i = 0, str_1 = str; _i < str_1.length; _i++) {
                var s = str_1[_i];
                console.log(s);
                }
                 
                Try

                This is often what people expect, but it’s not 100% compliant with ECMAScript iteration protocol. Certain strings, such as emoji (😜), have a .length of 2 (or even more!), but should iterate as 1 unit in a for-of loop. See this blog post by Jonathan New for a longer explanation.

                When downlevelIteration is enabled, TypeScript will use a helper function that checks for a Symbol.iterator implementation (either native or polyfill). If this implementation is missing, you’ll fall back to index-based iteration.

                ts
                "use strict";
                var __values = (this && this.__values) || function(o) {
                var s = typeof Symbol === "function" && Symbol.iterator, m = s && o[s], i = 0;
                if (m) return m.call(o);
                if (o && typeof o.length === "number") return {
                next: function () {
                if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;
                return { value: o && o[i++], done: !o };
                }
                };
                throw new TypeError(s ? "Object is not iterable." : "Symbol.iterator is not defined.");
                };
                var e_1, _a;
                var str = "Hello!";
                try {
                for (var str_1 = __values(str), str_1_1 = str_1.next(); !str_1_1.done; str_1_1 = str_1.next()) {
                var s = str_1_1.value;
                console.log(s);
                }
                }
                catch (e_1_1) { e_1 = { error: e_1_1 }; }
                finally {
                try {
                if (str_1_1 && !str_1_1.done && (_a = str_1.return)) _a.call(str_1);
                }
                finally { if (e_1) throw e_1.error; }
                }
                 
                Try

                You can use tslib via importHelpers to reduce the amount of inline JavaScript too:

                ts
                "use strict";
                var __values = (this && this.__values) || function(o) {
                var s = typeof Symbol === "function" && Symbol.iterator, m = s && o[s], i = 0;
                if (m) return m.call(o);
                if (o && typeof o.length === "number") return {
                next: function () {
                if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;
                return { value: o && o[i++], done: !o };
                }
                };
                throw new TypeError(s ? "Object is not iterable." : "Symbol.iterator is not defined.");
                };
                var e_1, _a;
                var str = "Hello!";
                try {
                for (var str_1 = __values(str), str_1_1 = str_1.next(); !str_1_1.done; str_1_1 = str_1.next()) {
                var s = str_1_1.value;
                console.log(s);
                }
                }
                catch (e_1_1) { e_1 = { error: e_1_1 }; }
                finally {
                try {
                if (str_1_1 && !str_1_1.done && (_a = str_1.return)) _a.call(str_1);
                }
                finally { if (e_1) throw e_1.error; }
                }
                 
                Try

                Note: enabling downlevelIteration does not improve compliance if Symbol.iterator is not present in the runtime.

                Example: Effects on Array Spreads

                This is an array spread:

                js
                // Make a new array whose elements are 1 followed by the elements of arr2
                const arr = [1, ...arr2];

                Based on the description, it sounds easy to downlevel to ES5:

                js
                // The same, right?
                const arr = [1].concat(arr2);

                However, this is observably different in certain rare cases.

                For example, if a source array is missing one or more items (contains a hole), the spread syntax will replace each empty item with undefined, whereas .concat will leave them intact.

                js
                // Make an array where the element at index 1 is missing
                let arrayWithHole = ["a", , "c"];
                let spread = [...arrayWithHole];
                let concatenated = [].concat(arrayWithHole);
                console.log(arrayWithHole);
                // [ 'a', <1 empty item>, 'c' ]
                console.log(spread);
                // [ 'a', undefined, 'c' ]
                console.log(concatenated);
                // [ 'a', <1 empty item>, 'c' ]

                Just as with for / of, downlevelIteration will use Symbol.iterator (if present) to more accurately emulate ES 6 behavior.

                # Emit BOM - emitBOM

                Controls whether TypeScript will emit a byte order mark (BOM) when writing output files. Some runtime environments require a BOM to correctly interpret a JavaScript files; others require that it is not present. The default value of false is generally best unless you have a reason to change it.

                  # Emit Declaration Only - emitDeclarationOnly

                  Only emit .d.ts files; do not emit .js files.

                  This setting is useful in two cases:

                  • You are using a transpiler other than TypeScript to generate your JavaScript.
                  • You are using TypeScript to only generate d.ts files for your consumers.

                  # Import Helpers - importHelpers

                  For certain downleveling operations, TypeScript uses some helper code for operations like extending class, spreading arrays or objects, and async operations. By default, these helpers are inserted into files which use them. This can result in code duplication if the same helper is used in many different modules.

                  If the importHelpers flag is on, these helper functions are instead imported from the tslib module. You will need to ensure that the tslib module is able to be imported at runtime. This only affects modules; global script files will not attempt to import modules.

                  For example, with this TypeScript:

                  ts
                  export function fn(arr: number[]) {
                  const arr2 = [1, ...arr];
                  }

                  Turning on downlevelIteration and importHelpers is still false:

                  ts
                  var __read = (this && this.__read) || function (o, n) {
                  var m = typeof Symbol === "function" && o[Symbol.iterator];
                  if (!m) return o;
                  var i = m.call(o), r, ar = [], e;
                  try {
                  while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) ar.push(r.value);
                  }
                  catch (error) { e = { error: error }; }
                  finally {
                  try {
                  if (r && !r.done && (m = i["return"])) m.call(i);
                  }
                  finally { if (e) throw e.error; }
                  }
                  return ar;
                  };
                  var __spreadArray = (this && this.__spreadArray) || function (to, from, pack) {
                  if (pack || arguments.length === 2) for (var i = 0, l = from.length, ar; i < l; i++) {
                  if (ar || !(i in from)) {
                  if (!ar) ar = Array.prototype.slice.call(from, 0, i);
                  ar[i] = from[i];
                  }
                  }
                  return to.concat(ar || Array.prototype.slice.call(from));
                  };
                  export function fn(arr) {
                  var arr2 = __spreadArray([1], __read(arr), false);
                  }
                   
                  Try

                  Then turning on both downlevelIteration and importHelpers:

                  ts
                  import { __read, __spreadArray } from "tslib";
                  export function fn(arr) {
                  var arr2 = __spreadArray([1], __read(arr), false);
                  }
                   
                  Try

                  You can use noEmitHelpers when you provide your own implementations of these functions.

                  # Imports Not Used As Values - importsNotUsedAsValues

                  Deprecated in favor of verbatimModuleSyntax.

                  This flag controls how import works, there are 3 different options:

                  • remove: The default behavior of dropping import statements which only reference types.

                  • preserve: Preserves all import statements whose values or types are never used. This can cause imports/side-effects to be preserved.

                  • error: This preserves all imports (the same as the preserve option), but will error when a value import is only used as a type. This might be useful if you want to ensure no values are being accidentally imported, but still make side-effect imports explicit.

                  This flag works because you can use import type to explicitly create an import statement which should never be emitted into JavaScript.

                  # Inline Source Map - inlineSourceMap

                  When set, instead of writing out a .js.map file to provide source maps, TypeScript will embed the source map content in the .js files. Although this results in larger JS files, it can be convenient in some scenarios. For example, you might want to debug JS files on a webserver that doesn’t allow .map files to be served.

                  Mutually exclusive with sourceMap.

                  For example, with this TypeScript:

                  ts
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);

                  Converts to this JavaScript:

                  ts
                  "use strict";
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);
                   
                  Try

                  Then enable building it with inlineSourceMap enabled there is a comment at the bottom of the file which includes a source-map for the file.

                  ts
                  "use strict";
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);
                  //# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,eyJ2ZXJzaW9uIjozLCJmaWxlIjoiaW5kZXguanMiLCJzb3VyY2VSb290IjoiIiwic291cmNlcyI6WyJpbmRleC50cyJdLCJuYW1lcyI6W10sIm1hcHBpbmdzIjoiO0FBQUEsTUFBTSxVQUFVLEdBQUcsSUFBSSxDQUFDO0FBQ3hCLE9BQU8sQ0FBQyxHQUFHLENBQUMsVUFBVSxDQUFDLENBQUMifQ==
                  Try

                  # Inline Sources - inlineSources

                  When set, TypeScript will include the original content of the .ts file as an embedded string in the source map (using the source map’s sourcesContent property). This is often useful in the same cases as inlineSourceMap.

                  Requires either sourceMap or inlineSourceMap to be set.

                  For example, with this TypeScript:

                  ts
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);
                  Try

                  By default converts to this JavaScript:

                  ts
                  "use strict";
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);
                   
                  Try

                  Then enable building it with inlineSources and inlineSourceMap enabled there is a comment at the bottom of the file which includes a source-map for the file. Note that the end is different from the example in inlineSourceMap because the source-map now contains the original source code also.

                  ts
                  "use strict";
                  const helloWorld = "hi";
                  console.log(helloWorld);
                  //# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,eyJ2ZXJzaW9uIjozLCJmaWxlIjoiaW5kZXguanMiLCJzb3VyY2VSb290IjoiIiwic291cmNlcyI6WyJpbmRleC50cyJdLCJuYW1lcyI6W10sIm1hcHBpbmdzIjoiO0FBQUEsTUFBTSxVQUFVLEdBQUcsSUFBSSxDQUFDO0FBQ3hCLE9BQU8sQ0FBQyxHQUFHLENBQUMsVUFBVSxDQUFDLENBQUMiLCJzb3VyY2VzQ29udGVudCI6WyJjb25zdCBoZWxsb1dvcmxkID0gXCJoaVwiO1xuY29uc29sZS5sb2coaGVsbG9Xb3JsZCk7Il19
                  Try

                  # Map Root - mapRoot

                  Specify the location where debugger should locate map files instead of generated locations. This string is treated verbatim inside the source-map, for example:

                  {
                  "": true,
                  "": "https://my-website.com/debug/sourcemaps/"
                  }
                  }

                  Would declare that index.js will have sourcemaps at https://my-website.com/debug/sourcemaps/index.js.map.

                    # New Line - newLine

                    파일을 내보낼 때 줄바꿈의 끝을 지정합니다 : ‘CRLF’ (docs) 또는 ‘LF’ (unix).

                    • Default:

                      Platform specific.

                    • Allowed:
                      • crlf

                      • lf

                    • Released:

                      1.5

                    # No Emit - noEmit

                    Do not emit compiler output files like JavaScript source code, source-maps or declarations.

                    This makes room for another tool like Babel, or swc to handle converting the TypeScript file to a file which can run inside a JavaScript environment.

                    You can then use TypeScript as a tool for providing editor integration, and as a source code type-checker.

                      # No Emit Helpers - noEmitHelpers

                      Instead of importing helpers with importHelpers, you can provide implementations in the global scope for the helpers you use and completely turn off emitting of helper functions.

                      For example, using this async function in ES5 requires a await-like function and generator-like function to run:

                      ts
                      const getAPI = async (url: string) => {
                      // Get API
                      return {};
                      };
                      Try

                      Which creates quite a lot of JavaScript:

                      ts
                      "use strict";
                      var __awaiter = (this && this.__awaiter) || function (thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {
                      function adopt(value) { return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) { resolve(value); }); }
                      return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {
                      function fulfilled(value) { try { step(generator.next(value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }
                      function rejected(value) { try { step(generator["throw"](value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }
                      function step(result) { result.done ? resolve(result.value) : adopt(result.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); }
                      step((generator = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || [])).next());
                      });
                      };
                      var __generator = (this && this.__generator) || function (thisArg, body) {
                      var _ = { label: 0, sent: function() { if (t[0] & 1) throw t[1]; return t[1]; }, trys: [], ops: [] }, f, y, t, g;
                      return g = { next: verb(0), "throw": verb(1), "return": verb(2) }, typeof Symbol === "function" && (g[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return this; }), g;
                      function verb(n) { return function (v) { return step([n, v]); }; }
                      function step(op) {
                      if (f) throw new TypeError("Generator is already executing.");
                      while (g && (g = 0, op[0] && (_ = 0)), _) try {
                      if (f = 1, y && (t = op[0] & 2 ? y["return"] : op[0] ? y["throw"] || ((t = y["return"]) && t.call(y), 0) : y.next) && !(t = t.call(y, op[1])).done) return t;
                      if (y = 0, t) op = [op[0] & 2, t.value];
                      switch (op[0]) {
                      case 0: case 1: t = op; break;
                      case 4: _.label++; return { value: op[1], done: false };
                      case 5: _.label++; y = op[1]; op = [0]; continue;
                      case 7: op = _.ops.pop(); _.trys.pop(); continue;
                      default:
                      if (!(t = _.trys, t = t.length > 0 && t[t.length - 1]) && (op[0] === 6 || op[0] === 2)) { _ = 0; continue; }
                      if (op[0] === 3 && (!t || (op[1] > t[0] && op[1] < t[3]))) { _.label = op[1]; break; }
                      if (op[0] === 6 && _.label < t[1]) { _.label = t[1]; t = op; break; }
                      if (t && _.label < t[2]) { _.label = t[2]; _.ops.push(op); break; }
                      if (t[2]) _.ops.pop();
                      _.trys.pop(); continue;
                      }
                      op = body.call(thisArg, _);
                      } catch (e) { op = [6, e]; y = 0; } finally { f = t = 0; }
                      if (op[0] & 5) throw op[1]; return { value: op[0] ? op[1] : void 0, done: true };
                      }
                      };
                      var getAPI = function (url) { return __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function () {
                      return __generator(this, function (_a) {
                      // Get API
                      return [2 /*return*/, {}];
                      });
                      }); };
                       
                      Try

                      Which can be switched out with your own globals via this flag:

                      ts
                      "use strict";
                      var getAPI = function (url) { return __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function () {
                      return __generator(this, function (_a) {
                      // Get API
                      return [2 /*return*/, {}];
                      });
                      }); };
                       
                      Try

                      # No Emit On Error - noEmitOnError

                      Do not emit compiler output files like JavaScript source code, source-maps or declarations if any errors were reported.

                      This defaults to false, making it easier to work with TypeScript in a watch-like environment where you may want to see results of changes to your code in another environment before making sure all errors are resolved.

                      # Out Dir - outDir

                      만일 지정하면, .js (이 외에도 .d.ts, .js.map, 등.) 파일이 지정한 디렉터리로 배출됩니다. 원본 파일의 디렉터리 구조는 보존됩니다; 계산된 루트가 예상과 다를 경우 rootDir 을 보세요.

                      만일 지정하지 않으면, .js 파일은 .ts 파일이 생성된 곳과 동일한 디렉터리에 생성됩니다:

                      sh
                      $ tsc
                      example
                      ├── index.js
                      └── index.ts

                      다음과 같이 tsconfig.json 을 작성할 경우:

                      {
                      "": "dist"
                      }
                      }

                      이러한 설정으로 tsc를 실행하면 파일이 지정한 dist 폴더로 이동합니다:

                      sh
                      $ tsc
                      example
                      ├── dist
                      │ └── index.js
                      ├── index.ts
                      └── tsconfig.json

                      # Out File - outFile

                      만일 지정하면, 모든 전역 (비모듈) 파일이 지정된 단일 출력 파일에 연결됩니다.

                      만일 modulesystem 또는 amd 일 경우, 모든 모듈 파일도 모든 전역 컨텐츠 뒤에 이 파일에 연결됩니다.

                      참고: outFilemoduleNone 이거나, System, AMD 가 아니면 사용할 수 없습니다. 이 옵션은 bundle CommonJS 또는 ES6 모듈에 사용할 수 없습니다.

                      # Preserve Const Enums - preserveConstEnums

                      Do not erase const enum declarations in generated code. const enums provide a way to reduce the overall memory footprint of your application at runtime by emitting the enum value instead of a reference.

                      For example with this TypeScript:

                      ts
                      const enum Album {
                      JimmyEatWorldFutures = 1,
                      TubRingZooHypothesis = 2,
                      DogFashionDiscoAdultery = 3,
                      }
                       
                      const selectedAlbum = Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures;
                      if (selectedAlbum === Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures) {
                      console.log("That is a great choice.");
                      }
                      Try

                      The default const enum behavior is to convert any Album.Something to the corresponding number literal, and to remove a reference to the enum from the JavaScript completely.

                      ts
                      "use strict";
                      const selectedAlbum = 1 /* Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures */;
                      if (selectedAlbum === 1 /* Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures */) {
                      console.log("That is a great choice.");
                      }
                       
                      Try

                      With preserveConstEnums set to true, the enum exists at runtime and the numbers are still emitted.

                      ts
                      "use strict";
                      var Album;
                      (function (Album) {
                      Album[Album["JimmyEatWorldFutures"] = 1] = "JimmyEatWorldFutures";
                      Album[Album["TubRingZooHypothesis"] = 2] = "TubRingZooHypothesis";
                      Album[Album["DogFashionDiscoAdultery"] = 3] = "DogFashionDiscoAdultery";
                      })(Album || (Album = {}));
                      const selectedAlbum = 1 /* Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures */;
                      if (selectedAlbum === 1 /* Album.JimmyEatWorldFutures */) {
                      console.log("That is a great choice.");
                      }
                       
                      Try

                      This essentially makes such const enums a source-code feature only, with no runtime traces.

                      # Preserve Value Imports - preserveValueImports

                      Deprecated in favor of verbatimModuleSyntax.

                      There are some cases where TypeScript can’t detect that you’re using an import. For example, take the following code:

                      ts
                      import { Animal } from "./animal.js";
                      eval("console.log(new Animal().isDangerous())");

                      or code using ‘Compiles to HTML’ languages like Svelte or Vue. preserveValueImports will prevent TypeScript from removing the import, even if it appears unused.

                      When combined with isolatedModules: imported types must be marked as type-only because compilers that process single files at a time have no way of knowing whether imports are values that appear unused, or a type that must be removed in order to avoid a runtime crash.

                      # Remove Comments - removeComments

                      Strips all comments from TypeScript files when converting into JavaScript. Defaults to false.

                      For example, this is a TypeScript file which has a JSDoc comment:

                      ts
                      /** The translation of 'Hello world' into Portuguese */
                      export const helloWorldPTBR = "Olá Mundo";

                      When removeComments is set to true:

                      ts
                      export const helloWorldPTBR = "Olá Mundo";
                       
                      Try

                      Without setting removeComments or having it as false:

                      ts
                      /** The translation of 'Hello world' into Portuguese */
                      export const helloWorldPTBR = "Olá Mundo";
                       
                      Try

                      This means that your comments will show up in the JavaScript code.

                        # Source Map - sourceMap

                        Enables the generation of sourcemap files. These files allow debuggers and other tools to display the original TypeScript source code when actually working with the emitted JavaScript files. Source map files are emitted as .js.map (or .jsx.map) files next to the corresponding .js output file.

                        The .js files will in turn contain a sourcemap comment to indicate where the files are to external tools, for example:

                        ts
                        // helloWorld.ts
                        export declare const helloWorld = "hi";

                        Compiling with sourceMap set to true creates the following JavaScript file:

                        js
                        // helloWorld.js
                        "use strict";
                        Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
                        exports.helloWorld = "hi";
                        //# sourceMappingURL=// helloWorld.js.map

                        And this also generates this json map:

                        json
                        // helloWorld.js.map
                        {
                        "version": 3,
                        "file": "ex.js",
                        "sourceRoot": "",
                        "sources": ["../ex.ts"],
                        "names": [],
                        "mappings": ";;AAAa,QAAA,UAAU,GAAG,IAAI,CAAA"
                        }

                          # Source Root - sourceRoot

                          소스의 상대 위치 대신 디버거가 TypeScript 파일을 찾을 위치를 지정합니다. 이 문자열은 경로 또는 URL을 사용할 수 있는 소스-맵 내에서 그대로 처리됩니다:

                          {
                          "": true,
                          "": "https://my-website.com/debug/source/"
                          }
                          }

                          index.jshttps://my-website.com/debug/source/index.ts 위치에 소스 파일이 있다고 명시해야 합니다.

                            # Strip Internal - stripInternal

                            Do not emit declarations for code that has an @internal annotation in its JSDoc comment. This is an internal compiler option; use at your own risk, because the compiler does not check that the result is valid. If you are searching for a tool to handle additional levels of visibility within your d.ts files, look at api-extractor.

                            ts
                            /**
                            * Days available in a week
                            * @internal
                            */
                            export const daysInAWeek = 7;
                             
                            /** Calculate how much someone earns in a week */
                            export function weeklySalary(dayRate: number) {
                            return daysInAWeek * dayRate;
                            }
                            Try

                            With the flag set to false (default):

                            ts
                            /**
                            * Days available in a week
                            * @internal
                            */
                            export declare const daysInAWeek = 7;
                            /** Calculate how much someone earns in a week */
                            export declare function weeklySalary(dayRate: number): number;
                             
                            Try

                            With stripInternal set to true the d.ts emitted will be redacted.

                            ts
                            /** Calculate how much someone earns in a week */
                            export declare function weeklySalary(dayRate: number): number;
                             
                            Try

                            The JavaScript output is still the same.

                            • Internal

                            #JavaScript Support

                            # Allow JS - allowJs

                            Allow JavaScript files to be imported inside your project, instead of just .ts and .tsx files. For example, this JS file:

                            js
                            // @filename: card.js
                            export const defaultCardDeck = "Heart";
                            Try

                            When imported into a TypeScript file will raise an error:

                            ts
                            // @filename: index.ts
                            import { defaultCardDeck } from "./card";
                             
                            console.log(defaultCardDeck);
                            Try

                            Imports fine with allowJs enabled:

                            ts
                            // @filename: index.ts
                            import { defaultCardDeck } from "./card";
                             
                            console.log(defaultCardDeck);
                            Try

                            This flag can be used as a way to incrementally add TypeScript files into JS projects by allowing the .ts and .tsx files to live along-side existing JavaScript files.

                            It can also be used along-side declaration and emitDeclarationOnly to create declarations for JS files.

                            # Check JS - checkJs

                            Works in tandem with allowJs. When checkJs is enabled then errors are reported in JavaScript files. This is the equivalent of including // @ts-check at the top of all JavaScript files which are included in your project.

                            For example, this is incorrect JavaScript according to the parseFloat type definition which comes with TypeScript:

                            js
                            // parseFloat only takes a string
                            module.exports.pi = parseFloat(3.142);

                            When imported into a TypeScript module:

                            ts
                            // @filename: constants.js
                            module.exports.pi = parseFloat(3.142);
                             
                            // @filename: index.ts
                            import { pi } from "./constants";
                            console.log(pi);
                            Try

                            You will not get any errors. However, if you turn on checkJs then you will get error messages from the JavaScript file.

                            ts
                            // @filename: constants.js
                            Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.2345Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.
                            module.exports.pi = parseFloat(3.142);
                             
                            // @filename: index.ts
                            import { pi } from "./constants";
                            console.log(pi);
                            Try

                            # Max Node Module JS Depth - maxNodeModuleJsDepth

                            The maximum dependency depth to search under node_modules and load JavaScript files.

                            This flag can only be used when allowJs is enabled, and is used if you want to have TypeScript infer types for all of the JavaScript inside your node_modules.

                            Ideally this should stay at 0 (the default), and d.ts files should be used to explicitly define the shape of modules. However, there are cases where you may want to turn this on at the expense of speed and potential accuracy.

                              #Editor Support

                              # Disable Size Limit - disableSizeLimit

                              To avoid a possible memory bloat issues when working with very large JavaScript projects, there is an upper limit to the amount of memory TypeScript will allocate. Turning this flag on will remove the limit.

                                # Plugins - plugins

                                에디터 내에서 실행할 언어 서비스 플러그인 목록.

                                언어 서비스 플러그인은 기존 TypeScript 파일을 기반으로 사용자에게 추가 정보를 제공하는 방법입니다. TypeScript와 편집자 간의 기존 메시지를 개선하거나 자체 오류 메시지를 제공할 수 있습니다.

                                예를 들면:

                                VS Code는 automatically include language service plugins에 대한 확장 기능이 있어서, tsconfig.json에서 정의 할 필요 없이 에디터에서 일부를 실행할 수 있습니다.

                                  #Interop Constraints

                                  # Allow Synthetic Default Imports - allowSyntheticDefaultImports

                                  When set to true, allowSyntheticDefaultImports allows you to write an import like:

                                  ts
                                  import React from "react";

                                  instead of:

                                  ts
                                  import * as React from "react";

                                  When the module does not explicitly specify a default export.

                                  For example, without allowSyntheticDefaultImports as true:

                                  ts
                                  // @filename: utilFunctions.js
                                  Module '"/home/runner/work/TypeScript-Website/TypeScript-Website/utilFunctions"' has no default export.1192Module '"/home/runner/work/TypeScript-Website/TypeScript-Website/utilFunctions"' has no default export.
                                  const getStringLength = (str) => str.length;
                                   
                                  module.exports = {
                                  getStringLength,
                                  };
                                   
                                  // @filename: index.ts
                                  import utils from "./utilFunctions";
                                   
                                  const count = utils.getStringLength("Check JS");
                                  Try

                                  This code raises an error because there isn’t a default object which you can import. Even though it feels like it should. For convenience, transpilers like Babel will automatically create a default if one isn’t created. Making the module look a bit more like:

                                  js
                                  // @filename: utilFunctions.js
                                  const getStringLength = (str) => str.length;
                                  const allFunctions = {
                                  getStringLength,
                                  };
                                  module.exports = allFunctions;
                                  module.exports.default = allFunctions;

                                  This flag does not affect the JavaScript emitted by TypeScript, it’s only for the type checking. This option brings the behavior of TypeScript in-line with Babel, where extra code is emitted to make using a default export of a module more ergonomic.

                                  # ES Module Interop - esModuleInterop

                                  By default (with esModuleInterop false or not set) TypeScript treats CommonJS/AMD/UMD modules similar to ES6 modules. In doing this, there are two parts in particular which turned out to be flawed assumptions:

                                  • a namespace import like import * as moment from "moment" acts the same as const moment = require("moment")

                                  • a default import like import moment from "moment" acts the same as const moment = require("moment").default

                                  This mis-match causes these two issues:

                                  • the ES6 modules spec states that a namespace import (import * as x) can only be an object, by having TypeScript treating it the same as = require("x") then TypeScript allowed for the import to be treated as a function and be callable. That’s not valid according to the spec.

                                  • while accurate to the ES6 modules spec, most libraries with CommonJS/AMD/UMD modules didn’t conform as strictly as TypeScript’s implementation.

                                  Turning on esModuleInterop will fix both of these problems in the code transpiled by TypeScript. The first changes the behavior in the compiler, the second is fixed by two new helper functions which provide a shim to ensure compatibility in the emitted JavaScript:

                                  ts
                                  import * as fs from "fs";
                                  import _ from "lodash";
                                  fs.readFileSync("file.txt", "utf8");
                                  _.chunk(["a", "b", "c", "d"], 2);

                                  With esModuleInterop disabled:

                                  ts
                                  "use strict";
                                  Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
                                  const fs = require("fs");
                                  const lodash_1 = require("lodash");
                                  fs.readFileSync("file.txt", "utf8");
                                  lodash_1.default.chunk(["a", "b", "c", "d"], 2);
                                   
                                  Try

                                  With esModuleInterop set to true:

                                  ts
                                  "use strict";
                                  var __createBinding = (this && this.__createBinding) || (Object.create ? (function(o, m, k, k2) {
                                  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;
                                  var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(m, k);
                                  if (!desc || ("get" in desc ? !m.__esModule : desc.writable || desc.configurable)) {
                                  desc = { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } };
                                  }
                                  Object.defineProperty(o, k2, desc);
                                  }) : (function(o, m, k, k2) {
                                  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;
                                  o[k2] = m[k];
                                  }));
                                  var __setModuleDefault = (this && this.__setModuleDefault) || (Object.create ? (function(o, v) {
                                  Object.defineProperty(o, "default", { enumerable: true, value: v });
                                  }) : function(o, v) {
                                  o["default"] = v;
                                  });
                                  var __importStar = (this && this.__importStar) || function (mod) {
                                  if (mod && mod.__esModule) return mod;
                                  var result = {};
                                  if (mod != null) for (var k in mod) if (k !== "default" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(mod, k)) __createBinding(result, mod, k);
                                  __setModuleDefault(result, mod);
                                  return result;
                                  };
                                  var __importDefault = (this && this.__importDefault) || function (mod) {
                                  return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { "default": mod };
                                  };
                                  Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
                                  const fs = __importStar(require("fs"));
                                  const lodash_1 = __importDefault(require("lodash"));
                                  fs.readFileSync("file.txt", "utf8");
                                  lodash_1.default.chunk(["a", "b", "c", "d"], 2);
                                   
                                  Try

                                  Note: The namespace import import * as fs from "fs" only accounts for properties which are owned (basically properties set on the object and not via the prototype chain) on the imported object. If the module you’re importing defines its API using inherited properties, you need to use the default import form (import fs from "fs"), or disable esModuleInterop.

                                  Note: You can make JS emit terser by enabling importHelpers:

                                  ts
                                  "use strict";
                                  Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
                                  const tslib_1 = require("tslib");
                                  const fs = tslib_1.__importStar(require("fs"));
                                  const lodash_1 = tslib_1.__importDefault(require("lodash"));
                                  fs.readFileSync("file.txt", "utf8");
                                  lodash_1.default.chunk(["a", "b", "c", "d"], 2);
                                   
                                  Try

                                  Enabling esModuleInterop will also enable allowSyntheticDefaultImports.

                                  # Force Consistent Casing In File Names - forceConsistentCasingInFileNames

                                  TypeScript follows the case sensitivity rules of the file system it’s running on. This can be problematic if some developers are working in a case-sensitive file system and others aren’t. If a file attempts to import fileManager.ts by specifying ./FileManager.ts the file will be found in a case-insensitive file system, but not on a case-sensitive file system.

                                  When this option is set, TypeScript will issue an error if a program tries to include a file by a casing different from the casing on disk.

                                  • Recommended
                                  • Default:

                                    true

                                  # Isolated Modules - isolatedModules

                                  While you can use TypeScript to produce JavaScript code from TypeScript code, it’s also common to use other transpilers such as Babel to do this. However, other transpilers only operate on a single file at a time, which means they can’t apply code transforms that depend on understanding the full type system. This restriction also applies to TypeScript’s ts.transpileModule API which is used by some build tools.

                                  These limitations can cause runtime problems with some TypeScript features like const enums and namespaces. Setting the isolatedModules flag tells TypeScript to warn you if you write certain code that can’t be correctly interpreted by a single-file transpilation process.

                                  It does not change the behavior of your code, or otherwise change the behavior of TypeScript’s checking and emitting process.

                                  Some examples of code which does not work when isolatedModules is enabled.

                                  Exports of Non-Value Identifiers

                                  In TypeScript, you can import a type and then subsequently export it:

                                  ts
                                  import { someType, someFunction } from "someModule";
                                   
                                  someFunction();
                                   
                                  export { someType, someFunction };
                                  Try

                                  Because there’s no value for someType, the emitted export will not try to export it (this would be a runtime error in JavaScript):

                                  js
                                  export { someFunction };

                                  Single-file transpilers don’t know whether someType produces a value or not, so it’s an error to export a name that only refers to a type.

                                  Non-Module Files

                                  If isolatedModules is set, namespaces are only allowed in modules (which means it has some form of import/export). An error occurs if a namespace is found in a non-module file:

                                  ts
                                  namespace Instantiated {
                                  Namespaces are not allowed in global script files when 'isolatedModules' is enabled. If this file is not intended to be a global script, set 'moduleDetection' to 'force' or add an empty 'export {}' statement.1280Namespaces are not allowed in global script files when 'isolatedModules' is enabled. If this file is not intended to be a global script, set 'moduleDetection' to 'force' or add an empty 'export {}' statement.
                                  export const x = 1;
                                  }
                                  Try

                                  This restriction doesn’t apply to .d.ts files.

                                  References to const enum members

                                  In TypeScript, when you reference a const enum member, the reference is replaced by its actual value in the emitted JavaScript. Changing this TypeScript:

                                  ts
                                  declare const enum Numbers {
                                  Zero = 0,
                                  One = 1,
                                  }
                                  console.log(Numbers.Zero + Numbers.One);
                                  Try

                                  To this JavaScript:

                                  ts
                                  "use strict";
                                  console.log(0 + 1);
                                   
                                  Try

                                  Without knowledge of the values of these members, other transpilers can’t replace the references to Numbers, which would be a runtime error if left alone (since there are no Numbers object at runtime). Because of this, when isolatedModules is set, it is an error to reference an ambient const enum member.

                                    This is to reflect the same flag in Node.js; which does not resolve the real path of symlinks.

                                    This flag also exhibits the opposite behavior to Webpack’s resolve.symlinks option (i.e. setting TypeScript’s preserveSymlinks to true parallels setting Webpack’s resolve.symlinks to false, and vice-versa).

                                    With this enabled, references to modules and packages (e.g. imports and /// <reference type="..." /> directives) are all resolved relative to the location of the symbolic link file, rather than relative to the path that the symbolic link resolves to.

                                      # Verbatim Module Syntax - verbatimModuleSyntax

                                      By default, TypeScript does something called import elision. Basically, if you write something like

                                      ts
                                      import { Car } from "./car";
                                      export function drive(car: Car) {
                                      // ...
                                      }

                                      TypeScript detects that you’re only using an import for types and drops the import entirely. Your output JavaScript might look something like this:

                                      js
                                      export function drive(car) {
                                      // ...
                                      }

                                      Most of the time this is good, because if Car isn’t a value that’s exported from ./car, we’ll get a runtime error.

                                      But it does add a layer of complexity for certain edge cases. For example, notice there’s no statement like import "./car"; - the import was dropped entirely. That actually makes a difference for modules that have side-effects or not.

                                      TypeScript’s emit strategy for JavaScript also has another few layers of complexity - import elision isn’t always just driven by how an import is used - it often consults how a value is declared as well. So it’s not always clear whether code like the following

                                      ts
                                      export { Car } from "./car";

                                      should be preserved or dropped. If Car is declared with something like a class, then it can be preserved in the resulting JavaScript file. But if Car is only declared as a type alias or interface, then the JavaScript file shouldn’t export Car at all.

                                      While TypeScript might be able to make these emit decisions based on information from across files, not every compiler can.

                                      The type modifier on imports and exports helps with these situations a bit. We can make it explicit whether an import or export is only being used for type analysis, and can be dropped entirely in JavaScript files by using the type modifier.

                                      ts
                                      // This statement can be dropped entirely in JS output
                                      import type * as car from "./car";
                                      // The named import/export 'Car' can be dropped in JS output
                                      import { type Car } from "./car";
                                      export { type Car } from "./car";

                                      type modifiers are not quite useful on their own - by default, module elision will still drop imports, and nothing forces you to make the distinction between type and plain imports and exports. So TypeScript has the flag --importsNotUsedAsValues to make sure you use the type modifier, --preserveValueImports to prevent some module elision behavior, and --isolatedModules to make sure that your TypeScript code works across different compilers. Unfortunately, understanding the fine details of those 3 flags is hard, and there are still some edge cases with unexpected behavior.

                                      TypeScript 5.0 introduces a new option called --verbatimModuleSyntax to simplify the situation. The rules are much simpler - any imports or exports without a type modifier are left around. Anything that uses the type modifier is dropped entirely.

                                      ts
                                      // Erased away entirely.
                                      import type { A } from "a";
                                      // Rewritten to 'import { b } from "bcd";'
                                      import { b, type c, type d } from "bcd";
                                      // Rewritten to 'import {} from "xyz";'
                                      import { type xyz } from "xyz";

                                      With this new option, what you see is what you get.

                                      That does have some implications when it comes to module interop though. Under this flag, ECMAScript imports and exports won’t be rewritten to require calls when your settings or file extension implied a different module system. Instead, you’ll get an error. If you need to emit code that uses require and module.exports, you’ll have to use TypeScript’s module syntax that predates ES2015:

                                      Input TypeScript Output JavaScript
                                      ts
                                      import foo = require("foo");
                                      js
                                      const foo = require("foo");
                                      ts
                                      function foo() {}
                                      function bar() {}
                                      function baz() {}
                                      export = {
                                      foo,
                                      bar,
                                      baz,
                                      };
                                      js
                                      function foo() {}
                                      function bar() {}
                                      function baz() {}
                                      module.exports = {
                                      foo,
                                      bar,
                                      baz,
                                      };

                                      While this is a limitation, it does help make some issues more obvious. For example, it’s very common to forget to set the type field in package.json under --module node16. As a result, developers would start writing CommonJS modules instead of an ES modules without realizing it, giving surprising lookup rules and JavaScript output. This new flag ensures that you’re intentional about the file type you’re using because the syntax is intentionally different.

                                      Because --verbatimModuleSyntax provides a more consistent story than --importsNotUsedAsValues and --preserveValueImports, those two existing flags are being deprecated in its favor.

                                      For more details, read up on the original pull request and its proposal issue.

                                        #Backwards Compatibility

                                        # Charset - charset

                                        이전 버전의 TypeScript에서는, 디스크에서 텍스트 파일을 읽을 때 인코딩 방식을 제어했습니다. 현재 TypeScript는 UTF-8 인코딩을 전제로 합니다. 하지만 UTF-16 (BE 와 LE) 또는 UTF-8 BOMs도 정확하게 감지합니다.

                                        • Deprecated
                                        • Default:

                                          utf8

                                        # Keyof Strings Only - keyofStringsOnly

                                        This flag changes the keyof type operator to return string instead of string | number when applied to a type with a string index signature.

                                        This flag is used to help people keep this behavior from before TypeScript 2.9’s release.

                                        • Deprecated
                                        • Released:

                                          2.9

                                        # No Implicit Use Strict - noImplicitUseStrict

                                        You shouldn’t need this. By default, when emitting a module file to a non-ES6 target, TypeScript emits a "use strict"; prologue at the top of the file. This setting disables the prologue.

                                          # No Strict Generic Checks - noStrictGenericChecks

                                          TypeScript will unify type parameters when comparing two generic functions.

                                          ts
                                          type A = <T, U>(x: T, y: U) => [T, U];
                                          type B = <S>(x: S, y: S) => [S, S];
                                           
                                          function f(a: A, b: B) {
                                          b = a; // Ok
                                          a = b; // Error
                                          Type 'B' is not assignable to type 'A'. Types of parameters 'y' and 'y' are incompatible. Type 'U' is not assignable to type 'T'. 'T' could be instantiated with an arbitrary type which could be unrelated to 'U'.2322Type 'B' is not assignable to type 'A'. Types of parameters 'y' and 'y' are incompatible. Type 'U' is not assignable to type 'T'. 'T' could be instantiated with an arbitrary type which could be unrelated to 'U'.
                                          }
                                          Try

                                          This flag can be used to remove that check.

                                          # Out - out

                                          대신에 outFile 을 사용하세요.

                                          out 옵션은 예측 불가능하거나 일관되지 않은 방식으로 최종 파일 위치를 계산합니다. 이 옵션은 이전 버전과의 호환성을 위해 유지될 뿐 사용을 권장하지 않습니다.

                                          # Suppress Excess Property Errors - suppressExcessPropertyErrors

                                          This disables reporting of excess property errors, such as the one shown in the following example:

                                          ts
                                          type Point = { x: number; y: number };
                                          const p: Point = { x: 1, y: 3, m: 10 };
                                          Type '{ x: number; y: number; m: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Point'. Object literal may only specify known properties, and 'm' does not exist in type 'Point'.2322Type '{ x: number; y: number; m: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Point'. Object literal may only specify known properties, and 'm' does not exist in type 'Point'.
                                          Try

                                          This flag was added to help people migrate to the stricter checking of new object literals in TypeScript 1.6.

                                          We don’t recommend using this flag in a modern codebase, you can suppress one-off cases where you need it using // @ts-ignore.

                                            # Suppress Implicit Any Index Errors - suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors

                                            Turning suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors on suppresses reporting the error about implicit anys when indexing into objects, as shown in the following example:

                                            ts
                                            const obj = { x: 10 };
                                            console.log(obj["foo"]);
                                            Element implicitly has an 'any' type because expression of type '"foo"' can't be used to index type '{ x: number; }'. Property 'foo' does not exist on type '{ x: number; }'.7053Element implicitly has an 'any' type because expression of type '"foo"' can't be used to index type '{ x: number; }'. Property 'foo' does not exist on type '{ x: number; }'.
                                            Try

                                            Using suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors is quite a drastic approach. It is recommended to use a @ts-ignore comment instead:

                                            ts
                                            const obj = { x: 10 };
                                            // @ts-ignore
                                            console.log(obj["foo"]);
                                            Try

                                            #Language and Environment

                                            # Emit Decorator Metadata - emitDecoratorMetadata

                                            Enables experimental support for emitting type metadata for decorators which works with the module reflect-metadata.

                                            For example, here is the TypeScript

                                            ts
                                            function LogMethod(
                                            target: any,
                                            propertyKey: string | symbol,
                                            descriptor: PropertyDescriptor
                                            ) {
                                            console.log(target);
                                            console.log(propertyKey);
                                            console.log(descriptor);
                                            }
                                             
                                            class Demo {
                                            @LogMethod
                                            public foo(bar: number) {
                                            // do nothing
                                            }
                                            }
                                             
                                            const demo = new Demo();
                                            Try

                                            With emitDecoratorMetadata not set to true (default) the emitted JavaScript is:

                                            ts
                                            "use strict";
                                            var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
                                            var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
                                            if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
                                            else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
                                            return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
                                            };
                                            function LogMethod(target, propertyKey, descriptor) {
                                            console.log(target);
                                            console.log(propertyKey);
                                            console.log(descriptor);
                                            }
                                            class Demo {
                                            foo(bar) {
                                            // do nothing
                                            }
                                            }
                                            __decorate([
                                            LogMethod
                                            ], Demo.prototype, "foo", null);
                                            const demo = new Demo();
                                             
                                            Try

                                            With emitDecoratorMetadata set to true the emitted JavaScript is:

                                            ts
                                            "use strict";
                                            var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
                                            var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
                                            if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
                                            else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
                                            return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
                                            };
                                            var __metadata = (this && this.__metadata) || function (k, v) {
                                            if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.metadata === "function") return Reflect.metadata(k, v);
                                            };
                                            function LogMethod(target, propertyKey, descriptor) {
                                            console.log(target);
                                            console.log(propertyKey);
                                            console.log(descriptor);
                                            }
                                            class Demo {
                                            foo(bar) {
                                            // do nothing
                                            }
                                            }
                                            __decorate([
                                            LogMethod,
                                            __metadata("design:type", Function),
                                            __metadata("design:paramtypes", [Number]),
                                            __metadata("design:returntype", void 0)
                                            ], Demo.prototype, "foo", null);
                                            const demo = new Demo();
                                             
                                            Try

                                            # Experimental Decorators - experimentalDecorators

                                            Enables experimental support for decorators, which is a version of decorators that predates the TC39 standardization process.

                                            Decorators are a language feature which hasn’t yet been fully ratified into the JavaScript specification. This means that the implementation version in TypeScript may differ from the implementation in JavaScript when it it decided by TC39.

                                            You can find out more about decorator support in TypeScript in the handbook.

                                            # JSX - jsx

                                            Controls how JSX constructs are emitted in JavaScript files. This only affects output of JS files that started in .tsx files.

                                            • react: Emit .js files with JSX changed to the equivalent React.createElement calls
                                            • react-jsx: Emit .js files with the JSX changed to _jsx calls
                                            • react-jsxdev: Emit .js files with the JSX changed to _jsx calls
                                            • preserve: Emit .jsx files with the JSX unchanged
                                            • react-native: Emit .js files with the JSX unchanged

                                            For example

                                            This sample code:

                                            tsx
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => <h1>Hello world</h1>;

                                            Default: "react"

                                            tsx
                                            import React from 'react';
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => React.createElement("h1", null, "Hello world");
                                             
                                            Try

                                            Preserve: "preserve"

                                            tsx
                                            import React from 'react';
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => <h1>Hello world</h1>;
                                             
                                            Try

                                            React Native: "react-native"

                                            tsx
                                            import React from 'react';
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => <h1>Hello world</h1>;
                                             
                                            Try

                                            React 17 transform: "react-jsx"[1]

                                            tsx
                                            import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";
                                            import React from 'react';
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => _jsx("h1", { children: "Hello world" });
                                             
                                            Try

                                            React 17 dev transform: "react-jsxdev"[1]

                                            tsx
                                            import { jsxDEV as _jsxDEV } from "react/jsx-dev-runtime";
                                            const _jsxFileName = "/home/runner/work/TypeScript-Website/TypeScript-Website/index.tsx";
                                            import React from 'react';
                                            export const HelloWorld = () => _jsxDEV("h1", { children: "Hello world" }, void 0, false, { fileName: _jsxFileName, lineNumber: 9, columnNumber: 32 }, this);
                                             
                                            Try

                                            # JSX Factory - jsxFactory

                                            Changes the function called in .js files when compiling JSX Elements using the classic JSX runtime. The most common change is to use "h" or "preact.h" instead of the default "React.createElement" if using preact.

                                            For example, this TSX file:

                                            tsx
                                            import { h } from "preact";
                                            const HelloWorld = () => <div>Hello</div>;

                                            With jsxFactory: "h" looks like:

                                            tsx
                                            const preact_1 = require("preact");
                                            const HelloWorld = () => (0, preact_1.h)("div", null, "Hello");
                                             
                                            Try

                                            This option can be used on a per-file basis too similar to Babel’s /** @jsx h */ directive.

                                            tsx
                                            /** @jsx h */
                                            import { h } from "preact";
                                             
                                            const HelloWorld = () => <div>Hello</div>;
                                            Try

                                            The factory chosen will also affect where the JSX namespace is looked up (for type checking information) before falling back to the global one.

                                            If the factory is defined as React.createElement (the default), the compiler will check for React.JSX before checking for a global JSX. If the factory is defined as h, it will check for h.JSX before a global JSX.

                                            # jsxFragmentFactory - jsxFragmentFactory

                                            Fragment와 같이, JsxFactory 컴파일러 옵션이 지정된 react JSX 출력을 목표로 할 때 사용할 JSX 프래그먼트 팩토리 함수를 지정합니다.

                                            예를 들어 이 TSConfig의 경우:

                                            {
                                            "": "esnext",
                                            "": "commonjs",
                                            "": "react",
                                            "": "h",
                                            "": "Fragment"
                                            }
                                            }

                                            이 TSX 파일은:

                                            tsx
                                            import { h, Fragment } from "preact";
                                            const HelloWorld = () => (
                                            <>
                                            <div>Hello</div>
                                            </>
                                            );

                                            다음과 같을 것입니다:

                                            tsx
                                            const preact_1 = require("preact");
                                            const HelloWorld = () => ((0, preact_1.h)(preact_1.Fragment, null,
                                            (0, preact_1.h)("div", null, "Hello")));
                                             
                                            Try

                                            이 옵션은 바벨의 /* @jsxFrag h */ 지시문과 매우 유사한 파일 단위로 사용이 가능합니다.

                                            예를 들어:

                                            tsx
                                            /** @jsx h */
                                            /** @jsxFrag Fragment */
                                             
                                            import { h, Fragment } from "preact";
                                             
                                            const HelloWorld = () => (
                                            <>
                                            <div>Hello</div>
                                            </>
                                            );
                                            Try

                                            # jsxImportSource - jsxImportSource

                                            Typescript 4.1 버전에 소개된 jsx"react-jsx" 또는 "react-jsxdev"로 사용할 때, jsxjsxs 팩터리 함수를 import 하는데 사용할 모듈 지정자를 선언합니다.

                                            React 17에서, 라이브러리는 독립된 import를 통하여 새로운 형태의 JSX 변환을 지원해 줍니다.

                                            예를 들어:

                                            tsx
                                            import React from "react";
                                            function App() {
                                            return <h1>Hello World</h1>;
                                            }

                                            TSConfig 사용할 때:

                                            {
                                            "": "esnext",
                                            "": "commonjs",
                                            "": "react-jsx"
                                            }
                                            }

                                            TypeScript에서 컴파일 된 JavaScript는:

                                            tsx
                                            "use strict";
                                            var __importDefault = (this && this.__importDefault) || function (mod) {
                                            return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { "default": mod };
                                            };
                                            Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
                                            const jsx_runtime_1 = require("react/jsx-runtime");
                                            const react_1 = __importDefault(require("react"));
                                            function App() {
                                            return (0, jsx_runtime_1.jsx)("h1", { children: "Hello World" });
                                            }
                                             
                                            Try

                                            예를 들어, "jsxImportSource": "preact"를 사용하고 싶으시면, 다음과 같은 tsconfig를 이용하시면 됩니다:

                                            {
                                            "": "esnext",
                                            "": "commonjs",
                                            "": "react-jsx",
                                            "": "preact",
                                            "": ["preact"]
                                            }
                                            }

                                            다음과 같은 코드를 생성합니다:

                                            tsx
                                            function App() {
                                            return (0, jsx_runtime_1.jsx)("h1", { children: "Hello World" });
                                            }
                                            exports.App = App;
                                             
                                            Try

                                            또는, 파일 별 프래그마(per-file pragma)를 이용하여 다음과 같은 옵션을 설정할 수 있습니다:

                                            tsx
                                            /** @jsxImportSource preact */
                                            export function App() {
                                            return <h1>Hello World</h1>;
                                            }

                                            _jsx팩토리를 위한 import로서 preact/jsx-runtime를 추가합니다.

                                            노트: 의도한 대로 작동이 되려면, tsx파일은 export 또는 import를 추가해야만, 모듈로 간주됩니다.

                                            # Lib - lib

                                            TypeScript는 JS API(Math 와 같은)에 대한 기본적인 타입 정의와 브라우저 환경(document 와 같은)에 있는 타입 정의를 포함합니다. 이 뿐만 아니라 TypeScript는 지정한 target 과 일치하는 최신 JS 기능을 위한 API도 포함되어 있습니다; 예를 들어 targetES6 이상이면 Map 에 대한 정의를 사용할 수 있습니다.

                                            이는 몇 가지 이유에 의해 변경될 수 있습니다:

                                            • 프로그램이 브라우저에서 동작하지 않아 "dom" 타입의 정의가 필요 없을 경우
                                            • 런타임 플랫폼이 특정 JavaScript API 객체를 제공하지만(폴리필을 통해서) 아직 주어진 ECMAScript 버전의 문법을 일부 지원하지 않을 경우
                                            • 더 높은 버전의 ECMAScript을 위한 폴리필이나 네이티브 구현이 있을 경우

                                            상위 레벨 라이브러리

                                            Name Contents
                                            ES5 모든 ES3 및 ES5 기능에 대한 핵심적인 정의
                                            ES2015 ES2015(또는 ES6로 알려진)에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - array.find, Promise, Proxy, Symbol, Map, Set, Reflect, 기타 등등
                                            ES6 “ES2015” 의 별칭
                                            ES2016 ES2016에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - array.include, 기타 등등
                                            ES7 “ES2016” 의 별칭
                                            ES2017 ES2017 에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - Object.entries, Object.values, Atomics, SharedArrayBuffer, date.formatToParts, typed arrays, 기타 등등
                                            ES2018 ES2018 에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - async iterables, promise.finally, Intl.PluralRules, rexexp.groups, 기타 등등
                                            ES2019 ES2019 에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - array.flat, array.flatMap, Object.fromEntries, string.trimStart, string.trimEnd, 기타 등등
                                            ES2020 ES2020 에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - string.matchAll, etc.
                                            ESNext ESNext 에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API - 이는 JavaScript의 사양이 향상될 때 마다 변함.
                                            DOM DOM 정의 - window, document, etc.
                                            WebWorker 웹 워커(WebWorker) 환경에서 추가로 사용 가능한 API
                                            ScriptHost 윈도우 스크립트 호스트 시스템(Windows Script Hosting System) 을 위한 API

                                            개별적인 라이브러리 컴포넌트

                                            Name
                                            DOM.Iterable
                                            ES2015.Core
                                            ES2015.Collection
                                            ES2015.Generator
                                            ES2015.Iterable
                                            ES2015.Promise
                                            ES2015.Proxy
                                            ES2015.Reflect
                                            ES2015.Symbol
                                            ES2015.Symbol.WellKnown
                                            ES2016.Array.Include
                                            ES2017.object
                                            ES2017.Intl
                                            ES2017.SharedMemory
                                            ES2017.String
                                            ES2017.TypedArrays
                                            ES2018.Intl
                                            ES2018.Promise
                                            ES2018.RegExp
                                            ES2019.Array
                                            ES2019.Full
                                            ES2019.Object
                                            ES2019.String
                                            ES2019.Symbol
                                            ES2020.Full
                                            ES2020.String
                                            ES2020.Symbol.wellknown
                                            ESNext.AsyncIterable
                                            ESNext.Array
                                            ESNext.Intl
                                            ESNext.Symbol

                                            위 목록들은 최신이 아닐수도 있습니다. 전체적인 목록은 TypeScript의 소스 코드 에서 조회할 수 있습니다.

                                            # Module Detection - moduleDetection

                                            This setting controls how TypeScript determines whether a file is a script or a module.

                                            There are three choices:

                                            • "auto" (default) - TypeScript will not only look for import and export statements, but it will also check whether the "type" field in a package.json is set to "module" when running with module: nodenext or node16, and check whether the current file is a JSX file when running under jsx: react-jsx.

                                            • "legacy" - The same behavior as 4.6 and prior, usings import and export statements to determine whether a file is a module.

                                            • "force" - Ensures that every non-declaration file is treated as a module.

                                            • Default:

                                              "auto": Treat files with imports, exports, import.meta, jsx (with jsx: react-jsx), or esm format (with module: node16+) as modules.

                                            • Allowed:
                                              • legacy

                                              • auto

                                              • force

                                            • Released:

                                              4.7

                                            # No Lib - noLib

                                            Disables the automatic inclusion of any library files. If this option is set, lib is ignored.

                                            TypeScript cannot compile anything without a set of interfaces for key primitives like: Array, Boolean, Function, IArguments, Number, Object, RegExp, and String. It is expected that if you use noLib you will be including your own type definitions for these.

                                            # React Namespace - reactNamespace

                                            Use jsxFactory instead. Specify the object invoked for createElement when targeting react for TSX files.

                                            • Default:

                                              React

                                            # Target - target

                                            최신 브라우저는 모든 ES6 기능을 지원하므로 ES6는 좋은 선택입니다. 만약 코드가 이전 환경에서 배포된 경우라면 더 낮은 버전을, 최신 환경에서 실행이 보장되는 경우 더 높은 버전을 선택할 수 있습니다.

                                            target 설정은 하향 평준화된 JS 기능과 온전히 남아있는 것을 변경합니다. 예를 들어 target이 ES5 이하인 경우, 화살 함수 () => this는 동등한 function 표현식으로 바뀝니다.

                                            target을 바꾼다는 것은 마찬가지로 lib의 기본값을 바꿉니다. 원하는 대로 targetlib 설정을 “믹스 앤 매치” 할 수 있지만, 편의를 위해 target만 설정할 수 있습니다.

                                            Node와 같은 개발자 플랫폼의 경우 버전에 따라 대상에 대한 특정 기준이 있습니다. tsconfig/bases에서 공통 플랫폼 및 해당 버전에 대한 커뮤니티 구성 TSConfig 세트를 찾을 수 있습니다.

                                            ESNext 값은 특별하게 TypeScript가 지원하는 가장 높은 버전을 나타냅니다. 이 설정은 TypeScript 버전과 같다는 것을 의미하는 것이 아니며 업그레이드 예측 가능성을 낮출 수 있으므로 주의해야 합니다.

                                            • Default:

                                              ES3

                                            • Allowed:
                                              • es3

                                              • es5

                                              • es6/es2015

                                              • es2016

                                              • es2017

                                              • es2018

                                              • es2019

                                              • es2020

                                              • es2021

                                              • es2022

                                              • esnext

                                            • Released:

                                              1.0

                                            # Use Define For Class Fields - useDefineForClassFields

                                            This flag is used as part of migrating to the upcoming standard version of class fields. TypeScript introduced class fields many years before it was ratified in TC39. The latest version of the upcoming specification has a different runtime behavior to TypeScript’s implementation but the same syntax.

                                            This flag switches to the upcoming ECMA runtime behavior.

                                            You can read more about the transition in the 3.7 release notes.

                                            • Default:

                                              true if target is ES2022 or higher, including ESNext; false otherwise.

                                            • Released:

                                              3.7

                                            #Compiler Diagnostics

                                            # Diagnostics - diagnostics

                                            Used to output diagnostic information for debugging. This command is a subset of extendedDiagnostics which are more user-facing results, and easier to interpret.

                                            If you have been asked by a TypeScript compiler engineer to give the results using this flag in a compile, in which there is no harm in using extendedDiagnostics instead.

                                            # Explain Files - explainFiles

                                            Print names of files which TypeScript sees as a part of your project and the reason they are part of the compilation.

                                            For example, with this project of just a single index.ts file

                                            sh
                                            example
                                            ├── index.ts
                                            ├── package.json
                                            └── tsconfig.json

                                            Using a tsconfig.json which has explainFiles set to true:

                                            json
                                            {
                                            "compilerOptions": {
                                            "target": "es5",
                                            "module": "commonjs",
                                            "explainFiles": true
                                            }
                                            }

                                            Running TypeScript against this folder would have output like this:

                                            ❯ tsc node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts Default library for target 'es5' node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es5.d.ts Library referenced via 'es5' from file 'node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts' node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.dom.d.ts Library referenced via 'dom' from file 'node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts' node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.webworker.importscripts.d.ts Library referenced via 'webworker.importscripts' from file 'node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts' node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.scripthost.d.ts Library referenced via 'scripthost' from file 'node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts' index.ts Matched by include pattern '**/*' in 'tsconfig.json'

                                            The output above show:

                                            • The initial lib.d.ts lookup based on target, and the chain of .d.ts files which are referenced
                                            • The index.ts file located via the default pattern of include

                                            This option is intended for debugging how a file has become a part of your compile.

                                            # Extended Diagnostics - extendedDiagnostics

                                            You can use this flag to discover where TypeScript is spending its time when compiling. This is a tool used for understanding the performance characteristics of your codebase overall.

                                            You can learn more about how to measure and understand the output in the performance section of the wiki.

                                            # Generate CPU Profile - generateCpuProfile

                                            This option gives you the chance to have TypeScript emit a v8 CPU profile during the compiler run. The CPU profile can provide insight into why your builds may be slow.

                                            This option can only be used from the CLI via: --generateCpuProfile tsc-output.cpuprofile.

                                            sh
                                            npm run tsc --generateCpuProfile tsc-output.cpuprofile

                                            This file can be opened in a chromium based browser like Chrome or Edge Developer in the CPU profiler section. You can learn more about understanding the compilers performance in the TypeScript wiki section on performance.

                                            • Default:

                                              profile.cpuprofile

                                            • Released:

                                              3.7

                                            # List Emitted Files - listEmittedFiles

                                            Print names of generated files part of the compilation to the terminal.

                                            This flag is useful in two cases:

                                            • You want to transpile TypeScript as a part of a build chain in the terminal where the filenames are processed in the next command.
                                            • You are not sure that TypeScript has included a file you expected, as a part of debugging the file inclusion settings.

                                            For example:

                                            example ├── index.ts ├── package.json └── tsconfig.json

                                            With:

                                            {
                                            "": true,
                                            "": true
                                            }
                                            }

                                            Would echo paths like:

                                            $ npm run tsc path/to/example/index.js path/to/example/index.d.ts

                                            Normally, TypeScript would return silently on success.

                                              # List Files - listFiles

                                              컴파일하는 파일 이름을 출력합니다. 이 기능은 TypeScript에 예상한 파일이 포함되어 있는지 확실하지 않을 때 유용합니다.

                                              예를들면:

                                              example ├── index.ts ├── package.json └── tsconfig.json

                                              다음과 같습니다:

                                              {
                                              "": true
                                              }
                                              }

                                              echo paths는 다음과 같습니다:

                                              $ npm run tsc path/to/example/node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.d.ts path/to/example/node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es5.d.ts path/to/example/node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.dom.d.ts path/to/example/node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.webworker.importscripts.d.ts path/to/example/node_modules/typescript/lib/lib.scripthost.d.ts path/to/example/index.ts

                                              TypeScript 4.2 버전을 사용할 경우 explainFiles을 참조하십시오. 파일이 추가된 이유에 대한 설명 또한 제공합니다.

                                              # Trace Resolution - traceResolution

                                              사용자가 모듈이 포함되지 않은 이유를 디버깅하고자 할 때. traceResolutionstrue로 설정하여 처리된 각 파일의 처리 과정에 대한 TypeScript 출력 정보를 얻을 수 있습니다.

                                              핸드북에서 이에 대한 자세한 내용을 볼 수 있습니다.

                                              #Projects

                                              # Composite - composite

                                              composite 옵션은 아직 빌드되지 않은 프로젝트의 빠른 빌드 설정을 위해 빌드 도구(—build 모드에서 TypeScript를 포함한)에 특정 조건을 적용합니다.

                                              이 설정이 켜져 있으면:

                                              • 만약 rootDir 설정이 설정되어 있지 않다면, 기본값은 ‘tsconfig.json’ 파일을 포함하는 디렉터리입니다.

                                              • 모든 실행 파일은 include 패턴과 일치하거나 파일 배열에 나열되어야 합니다. 만약 이 제약 조건을 위반하면, ‘tsc’는 지정되지 않은 파일을 알려줍니다.

                                              • declaration의 기본값은 true 입니다.

                                              TypeScript 프로젝트에 대한 문서는 핸드북에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

                                              # Disable Referenced Project Load - disableReferencedProjectLoad

                                              In multi-project TypeScript programs, TypeScript will load all of the available projects into memory in order to provide accurate results for editor responses which require a full knowledge graph like ‘Find All References’.

                                              If your project is large, you can use the flag disableReferencedProjectLoad to disable the automatic loading of all projects. Instead, projects are loaded dynamically as you open files through your editor.

                                              # Disable Solution Searching - disableSolutionSearching

                                              When working with composite TypeScript projects, this option provides a way to declare that you do not want a project to be included when using features like find all references or jump to definition in an editor.

                                              This flag is something you can use to increase responsiveness in large composite projects.

                                              # Disable Source Project Reference Redirect - disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect

                                              When working with composite TypeScript projects, this option provides a way to go back to the pre-3.7 behavior where d.ts files were used to as the boundaries between modules. In 3.7 the source of truth is now your TypeScript files.

                                              # Incremental - incremental

                                              Tells TypeScript to save information about the project graph from the last compilation to files stored on disk. This creates a series of .tsbuildinfo files in the same folder as your compilation output. They are not used by your JavaScript at runtime and can be safely deleted. You can read more about the flag in the 3.4 release notes.

                                              To control which folders you want to the files to be built to, use the config option tsBuildInfoFile.

                                              # TS Build Info File - tsBuildInfoFile

                                              This setting lets you specify a file for storing incremental compilation information as a part of composite projects which enables faster building of larger TypeScript codebases. You can read more about composite projects in the handbook.

                                              The default depends on a combination of other settings:

                                              • If outFile is set, the default is <outFile>.tsbuildinfo.
                                              • If rootDir and outDir are set, then the file is <outDir>/<relative path to config from rootDir>/<config name>.tsbuildinfo For example, if rootDir is src, outDir is dest, and the config is ./tsconfig.json, then the default is ./tsconfig.tsbuildinfo as the relative path from src/ to ./tsconfig.json is ../.
                                              • If outDir is set, then the default is <outDir>/<config name>.tsbuildInfo
                                              • Otherwise, the default is <config name>.tsbuildInfo

                                              #Output Formatting

                                              # No Error Truncation - noErrorTruncation

                                              Do not truncate error messages.

                                              With false, the default.

                                              ts
                                              var x: {
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName8: string;
                                              };
                                               
                                              // String representation of type of 'x' should be truncated in error message
                                              var s: string = x;
                                              Type '{ propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string; propert...' is not assignable to type 'string'.
                                              Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.
                                              2322
                                              2454
                                              Type '{ propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string; propert...' is not assignable to type 'string'.
                                              Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.
                                              Try

                                              With true

                                              ts
                                              var x: {
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string;
                                              propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName8: string;
                                              };
                                               
                                              // String representation of type of 'x' should be truncated in error message
                                              var s: string = x;
                                              Type '{ propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName8: string; }' is not assignable to type 'string'.
                                              Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.
                                              2322
                                              2454
                                              Type '{ propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName1: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName2: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName3: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName4: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName5: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName6: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName7: string; propertyWithAnExceedinglyLongName8: string; }' is not assignable to type 'string'.
                                              Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.
                                              Try

                                                # Preserve Watch Output - preserveWatchOutput

                                                Whether to keep outdated console output in watch mode instead of clearing the screen every time a change happened.

                                                • Internal

                                                # Pretty - pretty

                                                Stylize errors and messages using color and context, this is on by default — offers you a chance to have less terse, single colored messages from the compiler.

                                                • Default:

                                                  true

                                                #Completeness

                                                # Skip Default Lib Check - skipDefaultLibCheck

                                                Use skipLibCheck instead. Skip type checking of default library declaration files.

                                                  # Skip Lib Check - skipLibCheck

                                                  Skip type checking of declaration files.

                                                  This can save time during compilation at the expense of type-system accuracy. For example, two libraries could define two copies of the same type in an inconsistent way. Rather than doing a full check of all d.ts files, TypeScript will type check the code you specifically refer to in your app’s source code.

                                                  A common case where you might think to use skipLibCheck is when there are two copies of a library’s types in your node_modules. In these cases, you should consider using a feature like yarn’s resolutions to ensure there is only one copy of that dependency in your tree or investigate how to ensure there is only one copy by understanding the dependency resolution to fix the issue without additional tooling.

                                                  Another possibility is when you are migrating between TypeScript releases and the changes cause breakages in node_modules and the JS standard libraries which you do not want to deal with during the TypeScript update.

                                                  Note, that if these issues come from the TypeScript standard library you can replace the library using TypeScript 4.5’s lib replacement technique.

                                                  • Recommended
                                                  • Released:

                                                    2.0

                                                  #Command Line

                                                  #Watch Options

                                                  TypeScript 3.8 shipped a new strategy for watching directories, which is crucial for efficiently picking up changes to node_modules.

                                                  On operating systems like Linux, TypeScript installs directory watchers (as opposed to file watchers) on node_modules and many of its subdirectories to detect changes in dependencies. This is because the number of available file watchers is often eclipsed by the number of files in node_modules, whereas there are way fewer directories to track.

                                                  Because every project might work better under different strategies, and this new approach might not work well for your workflows, TypeScript 3.8 introduces a new watchOptions field which allows users to tell the compiler/language service which watching strategies should be used to keep track of files and directories.

                                                  # Assume Changes Only Affect Direct Dependencies - assumeChangesOnlyAffectDirectDependencies

                                                  When this option is enabled, TypeScript will avoid rechecking/rebuilding all truly possibly-affected files, and only recheck/rebuild files that have changed as well as files that directly import them.

                                                  This can be considered a ‘fast & loose’ implementation of the watching algorithm, which can drastically reduce incremental rebuild times at the expense of having to run the full build occasionally to get all compiler error messages.

                                                  Watch Options

                                                  You can configure the how TypeScript --watch works. This section is mainly for handling case where fs.watch and fs.watchFile have additional constraints like on Linux. You can read more at Configuring Watch.

                                                  # Watch File - watchFile

                                                  The strategy for how individual files are watched.

                                                  • fixedPollingInterval: Check every file for changes several times a second at a fixed interval.
                                                  • priorityPollingInterval: Check every file for changes several times a second, but use heuristics to check certain types of files less frequently than others.
                                                  • dynamicPriorityPolling: Use a dynamic queue where less-frequently modified files will be checked less often.
                                                  • useFsEvents (the default): Attempt to use the operating system/file system’s native events for file changes.
                                                  • useFsEventsOnParentDirectory: Attempt to use the operating system/file system’s native events to listen for changes on a file’s parent directory
                                                  • Allowed:
                                                    • fixedpollinginterval

                                                    • prioritypollinginterval

                                                    • dynamicprioritypolling

                                                    • fixedchunksizepolling

                                                    • usefsevents

                                                    • usefseventsonparentdirectory

                                                  • Released:

                                                    3.8

                                                  # Watch Directory - watchDirectory

                                                  The strategy for how entire directory trees are watched under systems that lack recursive file-watching functionality.

                                                  • fixedPollingInterval: Check every directory for changes several times a second at a fixed interval.
                                                  • dynamicPriorityPolling: Use a dynamic queue where less-frequently modified directories will be checked less often.
                                                  • useFsEvents (the default): Attempt to use the operating system/file system’s native events for directory changes.
                                                  • Allowed:
                                                    • usefsevents

                                                    • fixedpollinginterval

                                                    • dynamicprioritypolling

                                                    • fixedchunksizepolling

                                                  • Released:

                                                    3.8

                                                  # Fallback Polling - fallbackPolling

                                                  When using file system events, this option specifies the polling strategy that gets used when the system runs out of native file watchers and/or doesn’t support native file watchers.

                                                  • fixedPollingInterval: Check every file for changes several times a second at a fixed interval.
                                                  • priorityPollingInterval: Check every file for changes several times a second, but use heuristics to check certain types of files less frequently than others.
                                                  • dynamicPriorityPolling: Use a dynamic queue where less-frequently modified files will be checked less often.
                                                  • synchronousWatchDirectory: Disable deferred watching on directories. Deferred watching is useful when lots of file changes might occur at once (e.g. a change in node_modules from running npm install), but you might want to disable it with this flag for some less-common setups.
                                                  • Allowed:
                                                    • fixedinterval

                                                    • priorityinterval

                                                    • dynamicpriority

                                                    • fixedchunksize

                                                  • Released:

                                                    3.8

                                                  # Synchronous Watch Directory - synchronousWatchDirectory

                                                  Synchronously call callbacks and update the state of directory watchers on platforms that don`t support recursive watching natively. Instead of giving a small timeout to allow for potentially multiple edits to occur on a file.

                                                  {
                                                  "watchOptions": {
                                                  }
                                                  }

                                                    # Exclude Directories - excludeDirectories

                                                    You can use excludeFiles to drastically reduce the number of files which are watched during --watch. This can be a useful way to reduce the number of open file which TypeScript tracks on Linux.

                                                    {
                                                    "watchOptions": {
                                                    "": ["**/node_modules", "_build", "temp/*"]
                                                    }
                                                    }

                                                      # Exclude Files - excludeFiles

                                                      You can use excludeFiles to remove a set of specific files from the files which are watched.

                                                      {
                                                      "watchOptions": {
                                                      "": ["temp/file.ts"]
                                                      }
                                                      }

                                                        Type Acquisition

                                                        Type Acquisition is only important for JavaScript projects. In TypeScript projects you need to include the types in your projects explicitly. However, for JavaScript projects, the TypeScript tooling will download types for your modules in the background and outside of your node_modules folder.

                                                        # Enable - enable

                                                        Disables automatic type acquisition in JavaScript projects:

                                                        json
                                                        {
                                                        "typeAcquisition": {
                                                        "enable": false
                                                        }
                                                        }

                                                          # Include - include

                                                          If you have a JavaScript project where TypeScript needs additional guidance to understand global dependencies, or have disabled the built-in inference via disableFilenameBasedTypeAcquisition.

                                                          You can use include to specify which types should be used from DefinitelyTyped:

                                                          json
                                                          {
                                                          "typeAcquisition": {
                                                          "include": ["jquery"]
                                                          }
                                                          }

                                                          # Exclude - exclude

                                                          Offers a config for disabling the type-acquisition for a certain module in JavaScript projects. This can be useful for projects which include other libraries in testing infrastructure which aren’t needed in the main application.

                                                          json
                                                          {
                                                          "typeAcquisition": {
                                                          "exclude": ["jest", "mocha"]
                                                          }
                                                          }

                                                          # Disable Filename Based Type Acquisition - disableFilenameBasedTypeAcquisition

                                                          TypeScript’s type acquisition can infer what types should be added based on filenames in a project. This means that having a file like jquery.js in your project would automatically download the types for JQuery from DefinitelyTyped.

                                                          You can disable this via disableFilenameBasedTypeAcquisition.

                                                          json
                                                          {
                                                          "typeAcquisition": {
                                                          "disableFilenameBasedTypeAcquisition": true
                                                          }
                                                          }